Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 M.Sc. Student of Sport Physiology, Shahid Cahmran University of Ahvaz

2 Associate Professor of Neurology, Jundishapur Medical Science University of Ahvaz

3 Assistant Professor of Sport Physiology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz

4 Assistant Professor of Radiology, Jundishapur Medical Science University of Ahvaz*

Abstract

The purpose of this review is the systemic investigate of the effect of regular physical activity on some cytokines in people with multiple sclerosis. A systematic review was made based on MeSH system word on the databases of Pubmed, Googlescholar, Sciencedirect and Springer in English and the databases of Magiran and SID in Persian. The criteria included studies published in English and Persian, period 15 years, in people with multiple sclerosis, investigate effect of regular physical activity and assess anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory. Methodology assessed through PEDro scale. Between 1320 study that reviewed, 18 study that have the criteria selected. PEDro scale mean was 6.72±1.12. studies have used endurance (3 study), resistance (5 study), combine (6 study), vibration (a study) and aquatic training (3 study). In the studies reviewed, interleukin 6 and 10 were the most used (10 and 9 study, respectively). Although, further studies are needed, regular physical activity can consider an adjuvant therapy in multiple sclerosis disease, and through cytokine regulation affect multiple sclerosis disease process.

Keywords

Main Subjects

1. Shariati A, Latifi M, MajdiNasab N, Abad M, Abad AC. Collaborative care model effect on multiple sclerosis (MS) patients' lifestyle. Jundishapur Chron Dis Care. 2013.11;2(3):47-56.
2. Pak F, Nafariyeh T, Asghari N, Shokrollahy M, Kokhaei P. Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis. Koomesh. 2013;14(2):117-29. (In Persian).
3. Inglese M. Multiple sclerosis: New insights and trends. Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(5):954-7.
4. Ploeger HE, Takken T, De Greef MH, Timmons BW. The effects of acute and chronic exercise on inflammatory markers in children and adults with a chronic inflammatory disease: a systematic review. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2009;15(1): 6-41.
5. Moazzami M, Fathi M, Soltani M, Gelardi N. The effects of aerobic exercise in water on cortisol levels and tgf-β in patients with multiple sclerosis. Quarterly J Sabzevar Uni Med Sci. 2014;21(2):207-16. (In Persian).
6. Torabipour A, Asl ZA, Majdinasab N, Ghasemzadeh R, Tabesh H, Arab M. A study on the direct and indirect costs of multiple sclerosis based on expanded disability status scale score in Khuzestan, Iran. Inter J Preven Med. 2014;5(9):1131-8.
7. Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, Cutter GR, Sørensen PS, Thompson AJ, et al. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis the 2013 revisions. Neurol. 2014;83(3):278-86.
8. Plantone D, de Angelis F, Doshi A, Chataway J. Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: Definition and measurement. CNS Drugs. 2016;30(6):517-26.
9. Alexander WS. Suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) in the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2002;2(6):410-6.
10. Scholz C, Patton KT, Anderson DE, Freeman GJ, Hafler DA. Expansion of autoreactive T cells in multiple sclerosis is independent of exogenous B7 costimulation. Immunol. 1998;160(3):1532-8.
11. Turner AP, Kivlahan DR, Haselkorn JK. Exercise and quality of life among people with multiple sclerosis: looking beyond physical functioning to mental health and participation in life. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2009;90(3):420-8.
12. Sospedra M, Martin R. Immunology of multiple sclerosis. Annu Rev Immunol. 2005; 23: 683-747.
13. Cannella B, Raine CS. Multiple sclerosis: Cytokine receptors on oligodendrocytes predict innate regulation. Ann Neurol. 2004;55(1):46-57.
14. Mahon BD, Gordon SA, Cruz J, Cosman F, Cantorna MT. Cytokine profile in patients with multiple sclerosis following vitamin D supplementation. Neuroimmunol. 2003;134(1):128-32.
15. Lovett-Racke AE, Rocchini AE, Choy J, Northrop SC, Hussain RZ, Ratts RB, et al. Silencing T-bet defines a critical role in the differentiation of autoreactive T lymphocytes. Immunity. 2004;21(5):719-31.
16. Majdinasab N, Behbahani MH, Galehdari H, Mohaghegh M. Association of interleukin 7 receptor gene polymorphism rs6897932 with multiple sclerosis patients in Khuzestan. Iran J Neurol. 2014;13(3):168-71.
1. 17. Dembic Z. The cytokines of the immune system: The role of cytokines in disease related to immune response. Miniapoles: Academic Press; 2015. P.10-65.
17. Ranjbar R, Ahmadizad S, Khoshniyat-Niko M, Mohsenzade A. The effect of endurance training accompanied by fasting and a period of detraining on serum leptin and fructosamine in overweight men. Iran J Endocrinol Metabol. 2013;15(3):269-78. (In Persian).
18. Abolfathi F, Ranjbar R, Shakerian S, Yazdanpanah L. The effect of eight weeks aerobic interval training on adiponectin serum levels, lipid profile and hs-crp in women with type ii diabetes. Iran J Endocrinol Metabol. 2015; 7(4): 316-25. (In Persian).
19. Calle MC, Fernandez ML. Effects of resistance training on the inflammatory response. Nutr Res Prac. 2010;4(4):259-69.
20. Maghsogi N, Khosravi N, Ravasi AA. The effect of selective training (aerobic and strength) on some cytokine in male and female patient with MS. J Sport Biol. 2011;10(3):5-23. (In Persian).
21. Pouretezad M, Babadi M, Soiuki HN, Nasab NM. A comparison of two exercise therapy programs on functional balance in people with multiple sclerosis. Jentashapir J Health Res. 2011;3(1):283-91. (In Persian).
22. Monjezi S, Negahban H, Tajali S, Yadollahpour N, Majdinasab N. Effects of dual-task balance training on postural performance in patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A double-blind, randomized controlled pilot trial. Clin Rehabil. 2016;26(9):215-26.
23. Florindo M. Inflammatory cytokines and physical activity in multiple sclerosis. ISRN neurol. 2014;20(14):1-12.
24. Maltseva DV, Sakharov DA, Tonevitsky EA, Northoff H, Tonevitsky AG. Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors and exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2011;17(1):150-63.
25. Marrie RA, Horwitz RI. Emerging effects of comorbidities on multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(8):820-8.
26. Wens I, Dalgas U, Stenager E, Eijnde BO. Risk factors related to cardiovascular diseases and the metabolic syndrome in multiple sclerosis–a systematic review. Mult Scler. 2013;19(12):1556-64.
27. Dalgas U, Stenager E, Ingemann-Hansen T. Multiple sclerosis and physical exercise: Recommendations for the application of resistance-, endurance-and combined training. Mult Scler. 2007;12(2):1-16.
28. Behrozian S, Ravanbakhsh M, Majdi Nasab N. Comparison of some important breathing pattern indices in people with multiple sclerosis and healthy people. Mod Rehab. 2016;9(5):171-7.
29. Sá MJ. Exercise therapy and multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Neurol. 2014;261(9):1651-61.
30. Latimer-Cheung AE, Ginis KA, Hicks AL, Motl RW, Pilutti LA, Duggan M, et al. Development of evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for adults with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94(9):1829-36.
31. Pilutti LA, Platta ME, Motl RW, Latimer-Cheung AE. The safety of exercise training in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Neurologic Sci. 201;12(2): 14-25.
32. Alvarenga-Filho H, Sacramento PM, Ferreira TB, Hygino J, Abreu JE, Carvalho, SR, et al. Combined exercise training reduces fatigue and modulates the cytokine profile of T-cells from multiple sclerosis patients in response to neuromediators. Neuroimmunol. 2016;293:91-9.
33. Deckx N, Wens I, Nuyts AH, Hens N, de Winter BY, Koppen G, et al. 12 weeks of combined endurance and resistance training reduces innate markers of inflammation in a randomized controlled clinical trial in patients with multiple sclerosis. Med Inflam. 2016;20(16)1485-92.
34. Kierkegaard M, Lundberg IE, Olsson T, Johansson S, Ygberg S, Opava C, et al. High-intensity resistance training in multiple sclerosis: An exploratory study of effects on immune markers in blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and on mood, fatigue, health-related quality of life, muscle strength, walking and cognition. Neurologic Sci. 2016;362(1):251-7.
35. Kjølhede T, Dalgas U, Gade AB, Bjerre M, Stenager E, Petersen T, et al. Acute and chronic cytokine responses to resistance exercise and training in people with multiple sclerosis. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;8(7):865-74.
36. Ebrahimi A, Eftekhari E, Etemadifar M. Effects of whole body vibration on hormonal & functional indices in patients with multiple sclerosis. Indian Med Res. 2015;142(4):450-6.
37. Hejazi SM, Pakzadniya S, Moghadami V, Ghiami SMM, Soltani M. The effect of the aerobic selected exercise in water on the cortisol level, IL–10, IL–6 and TGFb in the patients with multiple. 2013;3(2):23-8.
38. Moghadasi M, Moeini A, Edalatmanesh MA. Effect of resistance training on cytokines in female patients with multiple sclerosis. South Med. 2013;4(12): 169-73
39. Bansi J, Bloch W, Gamper U, Kesselring J. Training in MS: Influence of two different endurance training protocols (aquatic versus overland) on cytokine and neurotrophin concentrations during three week randomized controlled trial. Mult Scler. 2012;13(5):245-58.
40. Golzari Z, Shabkhiz F, Soudi S, Kordi MR, Hashemi SM. Combined exercise training reduces IFN-γ and IL-17 levels in the plasma and the supernatant of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in women with multiple sclerosis. Inter Immunopharm. 2010;10(11):1415-9.
41. Castellano V, Patel DI, White LJ. Cytokine responses to acute and chronic exercise in multiple sclerosis. Appl Physiol. 2008 Jun 1;104(6):1697-702.
42. White LJ, Castellano V, Mc Coy SC. Cytokine responses to resistance training in people with multiple sclerosis. Sport Sci. 2006;24(8):911-4.
43. Schulz KH, Gold SM, Witte J, Bartsch K, Lang UE, Hellweg R. Impact of aerobic training on immune-endocrine parameters, neurotrophic factors, quality of life and coordinative function in multiple sclerosis. Neurologic Sci. 2004;225(1):11-8.
44. Moghadasi M, Edalatmanesh M, Moeini A, Arvin H. Effect of 8 weeks resistance training on plasma levels of nerve growth factor and interlukin-6 in female patients with multiple sclerosis. South Med. 2015;18(3):527-37. (In Persian).
45. Bezheh N, Soltani M, Khaleghzade H. Effects of aerobic training in water on IL-6 and IL-10 in patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Evidence Based Care. 2014;4(2):63-72. (In Persian).
46. Kordi MR, Anooshe L, Khodadade S, Maghsodi N, Sanglachi B, Hemmatinafar B. Comparing the effect of three methods of combined training on serum levels of ghrelin, pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. ZUMS Journal. 2014;22(91):39-51. (In Persian).
47. Masudinejad M, Shirvani H. Effect of selected combined training program on leptin serum levels of men with multiple sclerosis. Sport Physiol Physic Activ. 2010;7(1):545-53. (In Persian).
48. McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G, Goodkin D, Hartung HP, Lublin FD, et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: Guidelines from the international panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2001;50(1):121-7.
49. Poser CM, Paty DW, Scheinberg L, McDonald WI, Davis FA, Ebers GC, et al. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: Guidelines for research protocols. Ann Neurol. 1983;13(3):227-31.
50. White LJ, Dressendorfer RH. Exercise and multiple sclerosis. Sport Med. 2004;34(15):1077-100.
51. Waschbisch A, Tallner A, Pfeifer K, Mäurer M. Multiple sclerosis and exercise: Effects of physical activity on the immune system. Nervenarzt. 2009,80(6): 688-92.
52. Schulz KH, Heesen C. Effects of exercise in chronically ill patients. Examples from oncology and neurology. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz. 2005 Aug;48(8):906-13.
53. Gold SM, Schulz KH, Hartmann S, Mladek M, Lang UE, Hellweg R, et al. Basal serum levels and reactivity of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor to standardized acute exercise in multiple sclerosis and controls. Neuroimmunol. 2003;138(1):99-105.
54. Döring A, Pfueller CF, Paul F, Dörr J. Exercise in multiple sclerosis--an integral component of disease management. EPMA Journal. 2011 Dec 24;3(1):1.
55. Franciotta D, Salvetti M, Lolli F, Serafini B, Aloisi F. B cells and multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(9):852-8.
56. White LJ, Castellano V. Exercise and brain health: Implications for multiple sclerosis. Sport Med. 2008;38(3):179-86.
57. Steensberg A, Toft AD, Bruunsgaard H, Sandmand M, Halkjær-Kristensen J, Pedersen BK. Strenuous exercise decreases the percentage of type 1 T cells in the circulation. Appl Physiol. 2001;91(4):1708-12.
58. Heesen C, Gold SM, Hartmann S, Mladek M, Reer R, Braumann KM, et al. Endocrine and cytokine responses to standardized physical stress in multiple sclerosis. Brain, Behav Immun. 2003;17(6):473-81.
59. Sharief MK. Cytokines in multiple sclerosis: pro-inflammation or pro-remyelination? Mult Scler. 1998;4(3):169-73.
60. Alinejad HA, Shamsi MM. Exercise induced release of cytokines from skeletal muscle: emphasis on IL-6. Iran Endocrinol Metabol. 2010;12(2):181-90. (In Persian).
61. Özenci V, Kouwenhoven M, Link H. Cytokines in multiple sclerosis: Methodological aspects and pathogenic implications. Mult Scler. 2002;8(5): 396-404.
62. Ozenci V, Kouwenhoven M, Huang YM, Xiao BG, Kivisakk P, Fredrikson S, et al. Multiple sclerosis: Levels of interleukin-10-secreting blood mononuclear cells are low in untreated patients but augmented during interferon-b-1b treatment. Scandin J Immunol. 1999;49(5):554-563.
63. Najafi N. The effect of aerobic training on IL6 and IL10 in women with multiple sclerosis (Masterˈs thesis). Ahvaz, Iran: Physical Education and Sport Science, Shahid Chamran University;2015. P. 110-16. (In Persian).
64. Azimian E, Ranjbar R, Shakerian S, Habibi A, Ghafourian M. Comparison of an acute bout of combined exercise training in different intensities on tumor necrosis factor- α (TNFα) and interlokin-6 (IL-6) in active men. Sport Physiol.2015; 28(4):87-102. (In Persian).
65. Burks JS, Johnson KP. Multiple sclerosis: Diagnosis, medical management, and rehabilitation: Diagnosis, medical management, and rehabilitation. Demos Medical. 2000;28(4):114-20.
66. Elenkov IJ, Chrousos GP. Stress hormones, proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines, and autoimmunity. Ann New York Academy of Sci. 2002;966(1):290-303.
67. Huang YM, Xiao BG, Özenci V, Kouwenhoven M, Teleshova N, Fredrikson S, et al. Multiple sclerosis is associated with high levels of circulating dendritic cells secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines. Neuroimmunol. 1999;99(1):82-90.
68. Arnett HA, Mason J, Marino M, Suzuki K, Matsushima GK, Ting JP. TNFα promotes proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors and remyelination. Nature Neurosci. 2001;4(11):1116-22.
69. Arnett HA, Wang Y, Matsushima GK, Suzuki K, Ting JP. Functional genomic analysis of remyelination reveals importance of inflammation in oligodendrocyte regeneration. Neurosci. 2003;23(30):9824-32.
70. Mokhtarzade M. The effect of aerobic interval training on leptin, adiponectin, TNF-a and interleukin 10 in women with multiple sclerosis (Masterˈs thesis). Ahvaz, Iran: Physical Education and Sport Science, Shahid Chamran University;2015. P. 74-6. (In Persian).
71. Kraszula Ł, Jasińska A, Eusebio MO, Kuna P, Głąbiński A, Pietruczuk M. Evaluation of the relationship between leptin, resistin, adiponectin and natural regulatory T cells in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska. 2012;46(1):22-8.
72. Frisullo G, Angelucci F, Mirabella M, Caggiula M, Patanella K, Nociti V, et al. Leptin enhances the release of cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from relapsing multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Immunol. 2004;24(3):287-93.
73. Meier U, Gressner AM. Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism: review of pathobiochemical and clinical chemical aspects of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin. Clin Chem. 2004;50(9):1511-25.
74. Chehab FF, Lim ME, Lu R. Correction of the sterility defect in homozygous obese female mice by treatment with the human recombinant leptin. Nature Gen. 1996;12(3):318-20.
75. Berti L, Gammeltoft S. Leptin stimulates glucose uptake in C 2 C 12 muscle cells by activation of ERK2. Mol Cel Endocrinol. 1999;157(1):121-30.
76. Procaccini C, Jirillo E, Matarese G. Leptin as an immunomodulator. Mol Aspects Med. 2012;33(1):35-45.
77. Procaccini C, Pucino V, Mantzoros CS, Matarese G. Leptin in autoimmune diseases. Metabol. 2015;64(1):92-104.
78. Guzik TJ, Mangalat D, Korbut R. Adipocytokines novel link between inflammation. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006;4:505-28.
79. Matarese G, Procaccini C, De Rosa V. The intricate interface between immune and metabolic regulation: a role for leptin in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis? Leukocyte Biol. 2008;84(4):893-9.
80. Matarese G, Sanna V, Giacomo AD, Lord GM, Howard JK, Bloom SR, et al. Leptin potentiates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL female mice and confers susceptibility to males. Eur Immunol. 2001;31(5):1324-32.
81. Mokry LE, Ross S, Timpson NJ, Sawcer S, Smith GD, Richards JB. Obesity and multiple sclerosis: A mendelian randomization study. PLoS Med. 2016;13(6):1002-15.
82. Carrieri PB, Carbone F, Perna F, Bruzzese D, La Rocca C, Galgani M, et al. Longitudinal assessment of immuno-metabolic parameters in multiple sclerosis patients during treatment with glatiramer acetate. Metabol. 2015;64(9):1112-21.
83. Reis BS, Lee K, Fanok MH, Mascaraque C, Amoury M, Cohn LB, et al. Leptin receptor signaling in T cells is required for Th17 differentiation. Immunol. 2015;194(11):5253-60.
84. Fatouros IG, Tournis S, Leontsini D, Jamurtas AZ, Sxina M, Thomakos P, et al. Leptin and adiponectin responses in overweight inactive elderly following resistance training and detraining are intensity related. Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2005;90(11):5970-7.
85. Cruickshank TM, Reyes AR, Ziman MR. A systematic review and meta-analysis of strength training in individuals with multiple sclerosis or Parkinson disease. Med. 2015;94(4)25-36.
86. Monazamnezhad A, Habibi A, Majdinasab N, Ghalvand A. The effects of aerobic exercise on lipid profile and body composition in women with multiple sclerosis. Jundishapur J Chron Dis Care. 2015;4(1):1-14.
87. AfshounPour MT, Davoodi Z, Habibi H, Ranjbar R, Shakerian S. The effect of circuit resistance exercise on plasma resistin concentration and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic men. SSU Journals. 2015;23(8):770-81. (In Persian).
88. Ranjbar R, Ahmadizad S, Khoshniyat-Niko M, Salimi AR. The Effect of endurance training accompanied by fasting and a period of detraining on serum adiponectin and glucose resistance in sedentary men. Sport Sci. 2012;15(3):163-80. (In Persian).