Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of high intensity interval exercise in hypoxia and normoxia conditions on serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) response and its relation with glucose in non-athlete young men. 9 sedentary volunteers, with age 24.6±0.5 yr., weight 72.9±4.9 kg and height 174.8±5.3 cm participated in this study. Subjects' main activity for 30 min including 10 times 1-min with 80% Wmax on cycle ergometer in hypoxia normobaric condition (15.3 to 15.5 % of oxygen of 2500 m high) and after a week in normoxia condition (20 to 21% of oxygen) were performed. Between each of the repetitions to return to the initial state, the intensity of the activity was reduced to 50% Wmax. In the test session, to measure IL-6 levels and glucose, 2 ml of blood each at different times (before, immediately after and two hours after the activity), subjects were collected from the brachial vein. To analyze the data, analysis of variance with repeated measures was used. Serum levels of IL-6 subjects immediately and two hours of activity in hypoxic conditions and Normoksy showed decreased insignificantly (P>0.05). The correlation between IL-6 levels and glucose were observed between the two conditions (P>0.05). Based on the results we can say that the implementation of the periodic activity of severe dysfunction of the immune system in young male athletes are not created. However, due to the influence of intensity, duration, type of activity and the degree of hypoxia on the immune response, it is better to provide intense sporting activities for young people more closely to non-athletes.

Keywords

1) Mazzeo R.S, Donovan D, Fleshner M, Butterfield G.E, Zamudio S, Wolfel E.E, et al. Interleukin-6 response to exercise and high-altitude exposure: Influence of α-adrenergic blockade. J.Appl. Physiol. 2001; (91):2143-9.
2) Budgett R, Newsholme E, Lehmann M, et al. Redefining the overtraining syndrome as the unexplained under performance syndrome. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2000;34 (1):67-8.
3) Shephard R.J. Immune changes induced by exercise in an adverse environment. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 1988;12 (76):539-46.
4) Bailey D.M, Ainslie P.N, Jackson S.K, Richardson R.S, Hatei M.G. Evidence against redox regulation of energy homoeostasis in humans at high altitude. London Journal ClIN. SCI. 2004;26 (107):589-600.
5) Hartmann G, Tschop M, Fischer R, et al. High altitude increases circulating interleukin-6, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and c-reaction protein. Journal Cytokine. 2000;6 (12):246-52.
6) Glund S, Deshmukh A, Long YC, Moller T, Koistinen HA, Caidahl K, et al. Interleukin-6 directly increases glucose metabolism in resting human skeletal muscle. Journal Diabetes. 2007; (56):1630-7.
7) Blumberg D, Hochwald S, Brennan MF, Burt M. Interleukin-6 stimulates gluconeogenesis in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. J. Metabolism. 1995; (44):145–6.
8) Steensberg A, Fischer CP, Sacchetti M, Keller C, Osada T, Schjerling P, et al. Acute interleukin-6 administration does not impair muscle glucose uptake or whole-body glucose disposal in healthy humans. J Physiol. 2003; (548):631–8.
9) Keller C, Keller P, Marshal S, and Pedersen B.K. IL-6 gene expression in human adipose tissue in response to exercise effect of carbohydrate ingestion. J Physiol. 2003;34 (107):589–600.
10) Febbraio M.A, Pedersen,B.K. Muscle-derived interleukin 6: mechanisms for activation and possible biological roles. FASEB J. 2002;7 (16):1335–47.
11) Zaldivar F, Rodriguez WR, Nemet D. Constitutive pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine and growth factor response to exercise in leukocytes. J Apply Physiol. 2006;100 (4):1124-33.
12) Mark A, Febbraio M.A, Natalie, Hiscock, Massimo, Sacchetti, Christian P, Fischer and Pedersen BK. Interleukin-6 Is a Novel Factor Mediating Glucose Homeostasis During Skeletal Muscle Contraction . J. Diabetes. 2004;54 (53):1643–8.
13) Bruunsgaard H, Bjerregaard E, Schroll M, Pedersen BK. Muscle strength after resistance training is inversely correlated with baseline levels of soluble TNF receptors in the oldest old. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;47 (52):237–41.
14) Gibala MJ, Little JP, van Essen M, Wilkin GP, Burgomaster KA, Safdar A, et al. Short-term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. Journal Physiol. 2006; (575):901–11.
15) Chan M, Koch A, Benedict S, & Potteiger J. Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on cytokine responses following acute resistance exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2003; (13):454-65.
16) Klausen T, Olsen N.V, poulsen T.D, Richalet J.P, and Pedersen B.K. Hypoxemia increases serum interleukin-6 in humans. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 1997; (76):480-2.
17) Marton J.P. & N.T.Cable. The effects of intermitten hypoxic training on aerobic and anaerobic performance. Ergonomics J. 2005; 45 (11-14):1535-46.
18) Ronsen O, Holm K, Staff H, Opstad PK, Pedersen BK, Bahr R. No effect of seasonal variation in training load on immuno-endocrine responses to acute exhaustive exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2001; (11):141–8.
19) Su Q.S, Tian Y, Zhang IG, Zhang H. Effect of allicin supplementation on plasma markers of exercise-induced muscle damage, IL-6 and antioxidant capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008; (103):275-83.
20) Timmons BW, Tarnopolsky MA, Bar-Or O. Immune responses to strenuous exercise and carbohydrate intake in boys and men. Journal Pediatr Res. 2004; (56): 227-34.
21) Paczak CB, Bartlomiejczyk I, Gabrys T. Lack of in relationship between interleukin-6 and CRP levels healthy male athletes. Immunol Let. 2005;99 (1):136-40.
22) Sara S.K, Hamid A.A, Mohammad K, Maghsoud P, Mohammad A.J, Mona M, et al. Effect of Aerobic Activities in Hypoxia Situations on Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-10 Serums of Active Young Men. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 2012;          12 (8):1136-42.
23) Wang J-S, Lin H-Y, Cheng M-L, Wong M-K. Chronic intermittent hypoxia modulates eosinophil and neutrophil-platelet aggregation and inflammatory cytokine secretion caused by strenuous exercise in men. J Appl Physiol. 2007; (103):305–14.
24) Lundby C, Steensberg A. Interleukin-6 response to exercise during acute and chronic hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004 Jan;91 (1):88-93.
25) Anders Rinnov Nielsen, Bente Klarlund Pedersen. The biological roles of exercise induced cytokine: IL-6,IL-8,IL-15, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007; (32):833-9.
26) Dziurla R, Gaber T, Fangradt M, Hahne M, Tripmacher R, Kolar P, et al. Effects of hypoxia and/or lack of glucose on cellular energy metabolism and cytokine production in stimulated human CD4+ T lymphocytes. Immunology Letters. 2010; (131): 97-105.
27) Chan M, Koch A, Benedict S, & Potteiger J. Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on cytokine responses following acute resistance exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2003;7 (13):454-65.
28) Mohammadi HR, Taghian F, khoshnam MS, Rafatifar M, sadegh M. The effect of acute physical exercise on serum IL-6 and CRP levels in healthy non-athlete adolescents. J. Jahrom uni of Medical Science. 2011;9 (2):27-33.
29) Ostrowski K, Schjerling P, Pedersen PK. Physical activity and plasma interleukin-6 in humans effect of intensity exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000; (83):512-15.
30) Paczak CB, Bartlomiejczyk I, Gabrys T. Lack of in relationship between interleukin-6 and CRP levels healthy male athletes. Immunol Let. 2005;99 (1):136-40.