Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

Purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of garlic supplementation on the isocapnic buffering and hypocapnic hyperventilation phases in healthy young athletes. Thirty healthy young athletes (Age 20.05 ± 0.87 yr., Height 178.67 ± 4.76 cm, Weight 71.55 ± 8.9 kg) divided into two equal groups: supplementation and placebo. The supplement group received each day for a week 1000 mg of garlic pill and placebo group each day for a week 1000 mg of starch. All of the subjects participated before and after supplementation on self-dependent protocol. V-Slope was measured with the respiratory gas analysis system for estimating the isocapnic buffering and hypocapnic hyperventilation phases. Under curve surface area was estimated using of integration function. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) aimed to control the pre-test scores as a covariate was used to analysis the data. Results indicated that short-term garlic supplementation despite of positive effects on the aerobic and anaerobic thresholds as well as the peak values, has no a significant effect on isocapnic buffering and hypocapnic hyperventilation phases. Based on the results we can conclude that presumably short-term supplementation of garlic shifts the isocapnic buffering and hypocapnic hyperventilation area to the right side and delay fatigue which has to be studied in the future.
 

Keywords

1) Karlic H, Lohninger A. Supplementation of L-carnitine in athletes: does it make sense? Nutrition 2004;20(7):709-15.
2) Isaacsohn JL, Moser M, Stein EA, Dudley K, Davey JA, Liskov E, et al. Garlic powder and plasma lipids and lipoproteins: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1998;158(11):1189.
3) Williamson EM. Interactions between herbal and conventional medicines. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 2005;4(2):355-78.
4) Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J. Herbal Medicine. Expanded Commission E monographs: Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000.
5) Sobenin IA, Pryanishnikov VV, Kunnova LM, Rabinovich YA, Martirosyan DM, Orekhov AN. The effects of time-released garlic powder tablets on multifunctional cardiovascular risk in patients with coronary artery disease. Lipids Health Disease 2010;9:119-25.
6) Neal CM, Hunter AM, Galloway SDR. A 6-month analysis of training-intensity distribution and physiological adaptation in Ironman triathletes. Journal of Sports Sciences 2011;29(14):1515-23.
7) Coen B, Urhausen A, Kindermann W. Individual anaerobic threshold: methodological aspects of its assessment in running. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2001;22(01):8-16.
8) Binder RK, Wonisch M, Corra U, Cohen-Solal A, Vanhees L, Saner H, et al. Methodological approach to the first and second lactate threshold in incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation 2008;15(6):726-34.
9) Wasserman K, Whipp BJ, Davis JA. Respiratory physiology of exercise: metabolism, gas exchange, and ventilatory control. International Review of Physiology 1980;23 (4):149-211.
10) Whipp BJ, Ward SA. Determinants and control of breathing during muscular exercise. British Journal of Sports Medicine 1998;32(3):199-211.
11) Wilmore JH, Costill DL. Physiology of sport and exercise: Human Kinetics Publishers; 1994.
12) Seiler S. What is best practice for training intensity and duration distribution in endurance athletes? International Journal of Sports Physiology & Performance 2010;5(3):276-91.
13) Laursen PB. Training for intense exercise performance: high intensity or high volume training? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2010;20(s2):1-10.
14) Higa MN, Silva E, Neves VFC, Catai AM, Gallo Jr L, Silva de Sأ، MF. Comparison of anaerobic threshold determined by visual and mathematical methods in healthy women. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2007;40(4): 501-8.
15) Siahkouhian M, Meamarbashi A. Advanced methodological approach in determination of the heart rate deflection point: S. Dmax versus L. Dmax methods. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness;53(1):27-33.
16) GaisI G, Hofmann P. Heart Rate Determination of Anaerobic Threshold in Children. Pediatric Exercise Science 1990;2(1).
17) Agarwal KC. Therapeutic actions of garlic constituents. Medicinal Research Reviews 1996;16(1):111-24.
18) Banerjee SK, Maulik SK. Effect of garlic on cardiovascular disorders: a review. Nutrition Journal 2002;1(1):4-9.
19) Brun JF, Connes P, Varlet-Marie E. Alterations of blood rheology during and after exercise are both consequences and modifiers of body's adaptation to muscular activity. Science & Sports 2007;22(6):251-66.
20) Brun J-Fdr. Exercise hemorheology as a three acts play with metabolic actors: is it of clinical relevance? Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation 2002;26(3):155-74.
21) Ernst E. Influence of regular physical activity on blood rheology. European Heart Journal 1987;8(suppl G):59-62.
22) Chicharro JL, Hoyos Js, Luca A. Effects of endurance training on the isocapnic buffering and hypocapnic hyperventilation phases in professional cyclists. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2000;34(6):450-5.
23) Rocker K, Striegel H, Freund T, Dickhuth HH. Relative functional buffering capacity in 400-meter runners, long-distance runners and untrained individuals. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 1994;68(5):430-4.
24) Agostoni P, Valentini M, Magri D, Revera M, Caldara G, Gregorini F, et al. Disappearance of isocapnic buffering period during increasing work rate exercise at high altitude. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation 2008;15(3):354-8.