Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 MA Student of physical education and sport sciences, Islamic Azad University, Malakan branch. Malekan, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor at Department of Physical Education, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University

3 Member of scientific boars, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University

Abstract

The aim of this study investigated relationship between digit ratio (2D: 4D) and genotype of angiotensin converter enzyme (ACE) with muscle strength of elite weight lifters.
In order to, at first session, body composition, snatch, clean and jerk and total in 18 elite weight lifter volunteers (Age: 23.2 ± 2.8 years, Height: 176.1 ± 9.3 cm, Weight: 97.9 ± 28.3 kg) in super league in Khuzestan and national oil company were measured. At second session, 5mm blood sample was taken in fasting condition to count genotypes of ACE using PCR devices. Simple correlation showed that there is no significant relationship between digit ratio (p=0.3) and genotypes ID (P=0.4) and DD (P=0.39) ACE with muscle strength. Using partial correlation analysis and eliminating effect of body weight on variables showed significant relationship between ID (P=0.01) and DD (P=0.01) ACE with muscle strength. Regression showed that a model can be presented to estimate muscle strength using 2D:4D, lean body mass and ACE genotype. According to results, it can be said that 2D: 4D may be used as a factor in finding talents programs in weigh-lifting federation. Concerning effects and characteristics of ACE genotypes on hypertension and cardio-vascular homeostasis and considering its correlation with musculare strength, wide spread research is needed to find advantages of improving muscular strength on health.

Keywords

Main Subjects

1) Mathers C, Fat DM, Boerma J. The global burden of disease: 2004 update: World Health Organization; 2008.
2) Hoekstra RA, Bartels M, Boomsma DI. Heritability of testosterone levels in 12-year-old twins and its relation to pubertal development. Twin Research and Human Genetics. 2006;9(4):558-65.
3) Manning J, Hill M. Digit ratio (2D: 4D) and sprinting speed in boys. American journal of human biology. 2009;21(2):210-3.
4) Manning JT, Scutt D, Wilson J, Lewis-Jones DI. The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a predictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and oestrogen. Human reproduction. 1998;13(11):3000-4.
5) McFadden D, Shubel E. Relative lengths of fingers and toes in human males and females. Hormones and Behavior. 2002;42(4):492-500.
6) Malas MA, Dogan S, Hilal Evcil E, Desdicioglu K. Fetal development of the hand, digits and digit ratio (2D: 4D). Early human development. 2006;82(7):469-75.
7) Manning JT, Morris L, Caswell N. Endurance running and digit ratio (2D: 4D): implications for fetal testosterone effects on running speed and vascular health. American Journal of Human Biology. 2007;19(3):416-21.
8) Fink B, Thanzami V, Seydel H, Manning JT. Digit ratio and hand‐grip strength in German and Mizos men: Cross‐cultural evidence for an organizing effect of prenatal testosterone on strength. American Journal of Human Biology. 2006;18(6):776-82.
9) Rankinen T, Perusse L, Rauramaa R, Rivera MA, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2001;33(6):855-67.
10) Taribiyan B, Baghaiee B, Hosseini SRA. Effect of eight week moderate exercise training on Angiotensin Converting Enzyme gene expression and Angiotensin II activity in middle-aged men. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2012;19(102):53-64.
11) صالحی منصور، علی‌پور علی‌احمد، محدث سیدمجتبی. بررسی پلی‌مورفیسم ژن ACTN-3 در ورزشکاران برتر ایرانی. فیزیولوژی ورزشی. 1391؛ 4(13): 22-13.
12) Rieder MJ, Taylor SL, Clark AG, Nickerson DA. Sequence variation in the human angiotensin converting enzyme. Nature genetics. 1999;22(1):59-62.
13) Rahimi Z, Felehgari V, Rahimi M, Mozafari H, Yari K, Vaisi-Raygani A, et al. The frequency of factor V Leiden mutation, ACE gene polymorphism, serum ACE activity and response to ACE inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor antagonist drugs in Iranians type II diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Molecular biology reports. 2011;38(3):2117-23.
14) Felehgari V, Rahimi Z, Mozafari H, Vaisi-Raygani A. ACE gene polymorphism and serum ACE activity in Iranians type II diabetic patients with macroalbuminuria. Molecular and cellular biochemistry. 2011;346(1-2):23-30.
15) Rigat B, Hubert C, Alhenc-Gelas F, Cambien F, Corvol P, Soubrier F. An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1990;86(4):1343.
16) Silva GJ, Moreira ED, Pereira AC, Mill JG, Krieger EM, Krieger JE. ACE gene dosage modulates pressure-induced cardiac hypertrophy in mice and men. Physiological genomics. 2006;27(3):237-44.
17) McBride TA. AT1 receptors are necessary for eccentric training‐induced hypertrophy and strength gains in rat skeletal muscle. Experimental physiology. 2006;91(2):413-21.
18) Zhang B, Tanaka H, Shono N, Miura S, Kiyonaga A, Shindo M, et al. The I allele of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme gene is associated with an increased percentage of slow‐twitch type I fibers in human skeletal muscle. Clinical genetics. 2003;63(2):139-44.
19) Williams AG, Day SH, Folland JP, Gohlke P, Dhamrait S, Montgomery HE. Circulating angiotensin converting enzyme activity is correlated with muscle strength. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(6):944-8.
20) Pescatello LS, Kostek MA, Gordish-Dressman H, Thompson PD, Seip RL, Price TB, et al. ACE ID genotype and the muscle strength and size response to unilateral resistance training. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2006;38(6):1074.
21) Jackson AS, Pollock ML, Ward A. Generalized equations for predicting body density of women. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 1979;12(3):175-81.
22) Costa AM, Silva AJ, Garrido N, Louro H, Marinho DA, Marques MC, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype affects skeletal muscle strength in elite athletes. Journal of sports science & medicine. 2009;8(3):410.
23) Longman D, Stock J, Wells J. Digit ratio (2D: 4D) and rowing ergometer performance in males and females. American journal of physical anthropology. 2011;144(3):337-41.
24) van Anders SM. Grip strength and digit ratios are not correlated in women. American Journal of Human Biology. 2007;19(3):437-9.
25) Folland J, Leach B, Little T, Hawker K, Myerson S, Montgomery H, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype affects the response of human skeletal muscle to functional overload. Experimental Physiology. 2000;85(5):575-9.
26) Westerkamp CM, Gordon SE. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition attenuates myonuclear addition in overloaded slow-twitch skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2005;289(4):R1223-R31.
27) Jones D. Strength of skeletal muscle and the effects of training. British medical bulletin. 1992;48(3):592-604.
28) Rattigan S, Dora K, Tong A, Clark MG. Perfused skeletal muscle contraction and metabolism improved by angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstriction. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology And Metabolism. 1996;271(1):E96-E103.
29) Saxena PR. Interaction between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology. 1992;19:S80-S8.
30) سیاه‌کوهیان معرفت، خدادادی داور، عظیمی فرهاد. تدوین هنجار‌‌های ترکیب بدنی و آمادگی جسمانی وزنه برداران جوان و بزرگسال نخبه. فیزیولوژی ورزشی. 1392؛ 5(19): 80-63.