The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Levels in Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue and Insulin Resistance in Male Rats
Abdolreza
Kazemi
Assistant Professor in Exercise Physiology, Vali E Asr University of Rafsanjan
author
Rasoul
Eslami
Assistant Professor in Exercise Physiology, Allameh Tabatabai University
author
Lotfali
Karimghasemi
M.Sc. in Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences
author
text
article
2016
per
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 5 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on TNF-α level in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in male Wistar rats. Twenty male rats (age: 8 weeks, weight: 190 ± 10 g) were randomly divided into HIIT training and control groups. Training program consisted of high-intensity speed running. Training program was performed for 5 weeks, 5 sessions per week. In the first week, animals completed 6 high-intensity interval bouts in 2 minutes at 37 m/min with 1-min rest intervals. In the second, third, fourth and fifth weeks the number of bouts increased respectively to 7, 9, 10 and 12, and the speed increased respectively to 40, 43, 49, 52 m/min. Seventy-two hours after the last training session, animals was anesthetized with a cocktail of xialyzine and ketamine, and visceral and subcutaneous adipose was removed. ELISA method was used for TNF-α, glucose and insulin measurement. Independent-samples t test was used for data analysis and significance level was set at 0.05. The results indicated that five weeks of HIIT training caused significant decreases in visceral and subcutaneous levels of TNF-α and plasma insulin (P<0.001) as well as insulin resistance (P<0.01). However, the changes in plasma glucose was not significant (P=0.752). The results of the present study showed that high-intensity interval training decreased TNF-α levels in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue and also decreased plasma insulin. Moreover, this type of training can play a role in decreasing insulin resistance.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
8
v.
32
no.
2016
17
30
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_860_8d82bac46270695987cc86ca79287fda.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2016.860
The Effects of Ischemic Preconditioning in Different Limbs on Performance in Judo Athletes
Amin
Farzaneh Hesari
PhD Student of Sport Physiology, Hakim Sabzevari University
author
Seyed Ali Reza
Hoseini Kakhk
Associate Professor, Sport Physiology, Hakim Sabzevari University
author
Mohammad Reza
Hamedi nia
Professor, Sport Physiology, Hakim Sabzevari University
author
text
article
2016
per
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in upper limb, lower limb, and combined lower and upper limbs on specific judo fitness test (SJFT) and anaerobic performance in judo athletes. In a randomized, crossover design, 13 judo athletes participated in this study and performed two SJFT with 90 second between trials and a RAST after 15 min rest, in four conditions: IPC Treatment in arms, legs, arms and legs, and a sham intervention. IPC treatment consisted of three 5-minute bouts of ischemia, followed by 5 minutes of reperfusion. One-way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test was used. IPC treatment in arms and legs resulted in increased number of total throws and improved index of SJFT2, peak power and mean power compared with other conditions (P≤0.05). IPC treatment in arms and legs also decreased the rate of perceives exertion compared with other conditions (P≤0.05). In conclusion, if ischemic preconditioning is applied in more limbs and with greater muscular tissue, it will improve SJFT and anaerobic power in judo athletes.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
8
v.
32
no.
2016
31
48
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_861_4b07fc90c4dccec5505ce1fec94af28e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2016.861
Effect of One Session of Aerobic Training on Serum Levels of Adipolin and Some Inflammatory Factors in Postmenopausal Women
Najme
Rezaeian
Assistante Professor of Exercise physiology, Bojnourd branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran
author
Ali Asghar
Ravasi
Professor of Exercise physiology, University of Tehran
author
Rahman
Soori
Associate Professor of Exercise Physiology, University of Tehran
author
Ali
Akbatnezhad
Associate Professor of Exercise Physiology, University of Tehran
author
Seyed Abbas
Mir shafiey
Professor of Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
author
Farzane
Towfighi Zavare
M.Sc. of Immunology, laboratory assistant, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
author
text
article
2016
per
This study investigated the effect of acute aerobic exercise on serum levels of adipolin, furin, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in postmenopausal women. Eighteen sedentary postmenopausal obese women (BMI=30.2 ± 2.7 kg/m2, age=57 ± 4.8 years) were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Subjects in experimental group participated in acute aerobic exercise of running on treadmill at 60–70% of maximal heart rate for 30 minutes. Serum levels of adipolin, furin, TGF-β1, TNF-α, insulin and fasting glucose were measured before and immediately after exercise session. Statistical analysis was done by paired- and independent-samples t test and Pearson correlation at significance level of P0.05). Furthermore, changes of adipolin between experimental and control groups were significant (P=0.046). Moreover, post training changes of adipolin negatively correlated with changes of insulin levels (P=0.001). It seems that changes in inflammatory and metabolic profiles cannot be the major reason of adipolin changes in response to an acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in sedentarypostmenopausal obese women, and more research is necessary to identify the underlying mechanism.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
8
v.
32
no.
2016
49
66
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_868_5f85bb482c61621fe9e3345d1fbc1966.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2016.868
Effect of 12 Weeks of Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Training on Bone Density and Serum Indices of Bone in Sedentary Postmenopausal Women
Abbas
Malandish
Ph.D stud, Dept. of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Urmia University
author
Bakhtiar
Tartibian
Associate Professor of Exercise Physiology, Department of sport injury and corrective, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University
author
Mohammad
Rahmati Yamchi
Associate Professor of Clinical Biochemistry, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical sciences
author
text
article
2016
per
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training on lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) and serum levels of calcium and phosphorus in sedentary postmenopausal women. The statistical population was all healthy and sedentary postmenopausal women, 55–70 years old, in Urmia city. Therefore, 20 healthy, sedentary postmenopausal women (age: 60.12 ± 2.12, height: 156.71 ± 6.17 cm, weight: 72.47 ± 10.28 kg, and BMI: 29.46 ± 3.24 kg/m2) volunteered for this study and, after being assessed for eligibility, were randomly divided into exercise (n=11) and control (n=9) groups. The exercise group performed a 12-week moderate-intensity aerobic training of walking and jogging modality at 65–70% maximal heart rate, three days a week, 50–60 min per session in the morning. The Control group participated in no intervention. Densitometry and blood sampling were performed at baseline and post-training in order to measure bone density and serum markers in the exercise and control groups. Evaluation of the lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD were measured by DXA machine and serum levels of calcium and phosphorus were assessed by Auto analyzer and Biotechnical Instrument, Italy, respectively. Data analysis included descriptive and inferential (ANCOVA test) statistics using SPSS 23, and the significance level was set at P ≥0.05. The results showed no significant difference on lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD and T Scores between exercise and control groups after the training program (P>0.05). Also, no significant difference was found in serum levels of calcium and phosphorus (P>0.05). Furthermore, the inter-group results showed no significant difference in any of the variables (P>0.05). The results suggest that 12 weeks of moderate-intensity training such as walking and jogging program has no effect on bone density and serum levels of calcium and phosphorus in postmenopausal women.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
8
v.
32
no.
2016
67
84
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_862_9293bf3a1e1596d93266a8f917197a2e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2016.862
The Effects of Aerobic Training on Expression of Bcl-2 and miR-15 and Bcl-2 Protein in Tumor Tissue in Mice with Breast Cancer
Ashraf
Amini
Assistance Professor, Amirkabir University of Technology
author
Abbasali
Gaeini
Professor, University of Tehran
author
Siroos
Choobine
Associate Professor, University of Tehran
author
Mohammad Reza
Kordi
Associate Professor, University of Tehran
author
Shaban
Alizadeh
Assistance Professor, University of Tehran
author
text
article
2016
per
Aerobic training reduces breast cancer tumor growth. This study evaluated the expression of Bcl-2, miR-15, and Bcl-2 protein as a positive mechanism induced by aerobic training. Twenty BALB/c mice (5–6 weeks, 16–17 g) were injected with MC4-L2 mammary cancer cells. Then, they were randomly divided to exercise and control groups (n=10) and 48 hours after the last exercise session, they were scarified and blood and tissue samples were collected and stored in -70ᵒC. Expression of miR-15 and Bcl-2 were analyzed with Real- time PCR and ELISA. The expression level of Bcl-2 gene and protein as well as and tumor growth were significantly decreased in exercise group compared with control group (P<0.001). Also, miR-15 expression increased significantly in exercise group compared with control group (P<0.001). Overall, it seems that overexpression of miR-15 and decreased expression of Bcl-2 gene and protein induced by aerobic exercise training was effective in reducing tumor growth rate.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
8
v.
32
no.
2016
85
100
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_896_d6cbf2ca1d326996da7ad4cdd19bee0f.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2016.896
The Effect of 8 Weeks Aerobic Training After Bone Marrow Stem Cells Transplantation on Striatum VEGF and DA Levels in Parkinson Rats Model
Seyed Abdollah
Hashemvarzi
Ph.D Student of Exercise Physiology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
author
Ali
Heidarianpour
Associate Professor of Exercise Physiology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
author
Zia
Fallahmohammadi
Associate Professor of Exercise Physiology, University of Mazandaran
author
Mohsen
Pourghasem
Professor of Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran
author
text
article
2016
per
Stem cells transplantation and exercise training are including of Non-drug treatment option that have been considered for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks aerobic training on striatum VEGF and DA levels in parkinsonian rats after transplantation of bone marrow stem cells. 35 male rats with the age of 7 weeks and weight 250-300 gr, were divided randomly into healthy control group and parkinsonian groups included of control, cell treatment, Exercise and cell treatment + Exercise. To create a model of Parkinson's, the striatum was destroyed by 6-hydroxy-dopamine injection into the striatum through stereotaxic apparatus and then was used apomorphine rotational test for confirm it. For isolation of bone marrow stem cells, bone marrow of femur and tibia of male rats 6-8 weeks were used. After cultivation, approximately 105 cells in 2 microliter of medium were injected through the channel into the striatum of cell recipient groups. ٍExercise was included 8 weeks of running on the treadmill with a speed of 15 meters per minute in 2 bouts for 5 days in per week. VEGF and DA measured by ELISA method. The results show that, striatum VEGF and DA levels increased significantly in Exercise, Stem cells and specially Stem cells + Exercise groups related to Parkinson group (P≤0.05). Generally, the results of this study approved the positive effect of 8 weeks treadmill exercise in parkinsonian rats after bone marrow stem cell transplantation which can be considered as a non-drug therapeutic manner in Parkinson’s disease.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
8
v.
32
no.
2016
101
114
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_869_b45fa7b2a453ddb666d1c95a0fc9f238.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2016.869
Effects of Combination Training on Fetuin A, C-Reactive Protein and Some Biochemical Parameters in Hemodialysis Patients
Roughayeh
Fakhrpour
Assistant Professor, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University
author
Khosro
Ebrahim
Professor, Shahid Beheshti University
author
Sajjad
Ahmadizad
Associate Professro, Shahid Beheshti University
author
Hamid
Tayebi Khosroshahi
Professro, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
author
text
article
2016
per
Death from coronary heart diseases in patients with chronic kidney diseases is increasing widely. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a regular combined exercise program during dialysis on cardiovascular diseases risk factors. Forty-five hemodialysis patients (age: 61 ± 9.02, weight: 69 ± 11.25 kg) were randomly divided into two training (n=24) and control groups (n=21). The exercise group patients participated in a 16-week combined exercise program during dialysis. The training program included foot pedal ergometer and leg resistance exercises using weights during dialysis sessions three times a week. Parameters associated with cardiovascular disease (Fetuin A and C-reactive protein), factors related to renal function, and quality of life were measured before and after the training program period. Based on the results, four months of combination training improved the quality of life and physical functions of hemodialysis patients. There was no significant difference in C-reactive protein and Fetuin A levels among patients (P<0.05). Changes in some factors related to vascular calcification and also improvement in the quality of life shows the positive effects of physical activity on these patients. As the initial levels of C-reactive protein in these patients is high, and the baseline levels of Fetuin A is low, the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training, which is seen among normal population, may not be seen in these dialysis patients with extensive inflammation.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
8
v.
32
no.
2016
115
130
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_870_7de072ab428994e5e4001794445b4b18.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2016.870
The Effects of Musical Auditory Stimuli on Heart Rate Variability at Rest, Exercise and Recovery Conditions
Mohammad Reza
Zolfaghari
Assistant Professor of Exercise Physiology, Urmia University
author
Yahya
Asefi
Ph.D. Student of Exercise Physiology, Urmia University
author
Kamal
Khadem Vatan
Associate Professor of Cardiology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences
author
text
article
2016
per
The objective of this research was to evaluate the response of autonomic nervous system to different auditory stimuli rhythms in rest, exercise and recovery conditions. For this purpose, 14 physical education students with an average age of 21.5 ± 0.79 years, weight 64.9 + 88.42 kg, body mass index 20.2 ± 72.25 kg/m2 and height 176.3 ± 83.99 cm were recruited and evaluated at four separate sessions (without music, metronome, regular auditory stimulus, irregular sound stimulus). In each occasion, during three phases of rest, exercise and recovery, a 12-lead electrocardiogram was recorded. Heart rate variability was measured with a total recording time of 10 min at rest, 10 min at exercise and 15 min at recovery phases. Analysis of repeated measures ANOVA showed no significant effect of auditory stimulus on heart rate variability during rest phase. In contrast to the resting phase, during exercise phase auditory stimuli significantly reduced heart rate variability. Especially, the effects of syncopated and regular auditory stimuli were more prominent. Similar to rest phase, during recovery phase, heart rate variability indices did not change significantly. The findings of this study showed that entrainment with auditory stimuli affected heart rate variability. Also, the heart rate variability response was influenced by the auditory stimuli structure. In sum, entrainment with auditory stimuli decreased heart rate variability.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
8
v.
32
no.
2016
131
152
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_892_67c86de35705a204e649c3fb640ee3e6.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2016.892
The Effect of 12 Weeks of Aerobic Training at Fatmax Intensity and Calorie Restriction on Plasma Apelin 36 Levels and Insulin Resistance in Overweight Men
Mohammad
Galedari
Assistance professor/ Ahvaz branch, Islamic Azad University.
author
Arezoo
Banaei
M. Sc. of Physiology/ Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University
author
text
article
2016
per
The aim of the present study was to investigate the simultaneous effects of calorie restriction and aerobic exercise training on plasma apelin 36 and insulin resistance. A total of 20 overweight men volunteered for participation (age: 31.5 ± 6.3 yr, height 179.5 ± 4.4 cm, weight 97.7 ± 13 kg, fat percent: 36.5 ± 3.9, BMI: 30.3 ± 3.7) and randomly were divided into two groups: calorie restriction (CR, n=8) and calorie restriction plus aerobic exercise training (CR+E, n=12). Calorie restriction was 500 kcal/day and 350 kcal/day for CR and CR+E, respectively. Aerobic training was performed three times per week for 12 weeks at 60–65% VO2peak. Body composition, plasma apelin 36, fasting insulin, fasting glucose and TNF-α were measured before the intervention period and 72 h after the last training session. The significance level was set at 0.05. Paired-samples t test demonstrated significant decreases in body weight, BMI (P<0.001), abdominal fat mass, fasting insulin and plasma apelin 36 (P<0.05) in both group. Only in CR+E group, fat percent (P<0.001), plasma TNF-α (P<0.005) and HOMA-IR (P<0.002) decreased significantly. The independent-samples t test demonstrated that CR+E induced a greater decrease in fat percent, abdominal fat mass, TNF-α, fasting insulin, fasting glucose and HOMA-IR compared with CR. There was no significant difference between groups in apelin 36 changes. The present study demonstrated that despite similar effects of two protocol on plasma apelin 36, combination of aerobic training and calorie restriction was a more effective method for improving insulin resistance and decreasing systemic inflammation than calorie restriction alone.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
8
v.
32
no.
2016
153
168
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_872_961576aa23bff72504fcea7c7847a62c.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2016.872
The Effects of 10 Weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training and Green Tea Supplementation on Serum Levels of Sirtuin 1 and Catalase in Overweight Women
Elham
Ghasemi
Ph.D Student of Sport Physiology, University of Birjand
author
Mohammad Esmaeil
Afzalpour
Professor of Sport Physiology, University of Birjand
author
Asghar
Zarban
Associate Professor of Biochemistry, Birjand University of Medical Sciences
author
text
article
2016
per
Obesity is associated with decreased health-related indicators such as Sirtuin 1 and catalase. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of 10 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with green tea supplementation on Sirtuin 1 and catalase in overweight women. Thirty non-athlete overweight women (mean age: 21.07 ± 1.2 years, weight: 72.1 ± 2.6 kg and body fat percent: 34.1 ± 1.5) were randomly divided into three groups including: HIIT plus supplements, HIIT plus placebo, and supplement group. HIIT program included 30-second intervals of 20 m shuttle runs at 85–95% of maximum heart rate, three sessions per week for 10 weeks. Green tea groups consumed 500 mg green tea tablets for 10 weeks, three times a day. Sirtuin 1, catalase, maximum oxygen consumption and fat percentage of the subjects were measured before and after intervention. Ten weeks of HIIT plus green tea increased Sirtuin 1 and catalase levels and significantly decreased weight and fat percentage. These differences were significantly more pronounced in HIIT plus green tea group than the other two groups. Maximum oxygen consumption increased significantly only in HIIT plus green tea group. Combination of HIIT and green tea consumption may improve antioxidant system, body composition and maximal aerobic power in overweight women by increasingsirtuin1 and catalase.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
8
v.
32
no.
2016
169
184
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_893_b16ddc5133424d00fbdf66652545b45f.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2016.893
Determination of CGRP Role in Lipid Oxidation during Endurance Exercise in Male Wistar Rats
Najmeh Sadat
Hossini
M.Sc. of Shahid Bahonar University of kerman
author
Rohollah
Nikooie
Associate Professor, Shahid Bahonar University of kerman
author
Darioush
Moflehi
Assistance Professor, Shahid Bahonar University of kerman
author
text
article
2016
per
Energy homeostasis during exercise is a complex interaction of neuronal and hormonal inputs that are integrated at the level of the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) in fat oxidation during acute exercise in male Wistar rats. Thirty animals were randomly divided into three groups: control (C; n=10), training (T; n=10) and training + CGRP (8-37) (T+CGRP8-37; n=10). The animals from T and T+CGRP8-37 groups performed a single bout of endurance exercise at 26 m/min for 60 min. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood samples were collected immediately after exercise. The animals from T+CGRP8-37 group received CGRP (8-37) (an antagonist of CGRP receptor, 10 μg/kg; IP) before endurance exercise. CGRP concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum, FFA, and triglyceride concentrations were measured by ELISA. The difference between groups were evaluated with one-way ANOVA test and Tukey’s post-hoc test. CGRP concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum were significantly higher in the animals from T (P<0.01) and T+CGRP8-37 (P<0.01) in comparison to C group. In both trained groups, plasma levels of triglycerides significantly decreased (P<0.05) and plasma FFA was significantly higher compared to that of the animals from C group (P<0.01). At the end of the exercise, only plasma FFA concentration was significantly higher in the animals from T group compared to T+CGRP8-37 group (P<0.05). In summary, endurance exercise leads to an increase in CGRP concentrations in serum and CSF, which is a contributing factor in FFA release during endurance training.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
8
v.
32
no.
2016
185
200
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_876_d2eb57f62e5f4eb58967ac271aa134ff.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2016.876
The Effect of Resistance Training with Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy on Calcineurin Activation and Expression of IL-6 Myokine in Fast-twitch Skeletal Muscle of Diabetic Rats
Mahdieh
Molanouri Shamsi
Assistant Professor, Tarbiat Modares University
author
text
article
2016
per
The phosphatase calcineurin plays a major role in physiological and pathological processes, including immune responses, neuronal plasticity, and skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Considering the effect of this factor in calcium signaling in skeletal muscle, the purpose of the present study was to assess calcineurin activation following hypertrophic resistance training in flexor hallucis longus muscle of diabetic rats with skeletal muscle atrophy. Rats weighing 250–280 g were divided into control, training, diabetic control and diabetic training groups. Training groups performed the training consisting of climbing a ladder (1 m) with increasing weight added to the tail in 17 sessions. The expression levels of interleukin-6 and regulator of calcineurin 1 mRNA, a calcineurin activation factor, were measured in flexor halluces longus muscle using real-time PCR method. The results of this study showed that diabetes was associated with increased expression of regulator of calcineurin 1 in muscles of diabetic rats (P<0.05); but resistance training decreased this factor in diabetic group. Also, diabetes was associated with increased expression of IL-6 in skeletal muscle. Resistance training could not change expression of interleukin-6 in fast twitch skeletal muscle. Diabetes induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rats, but resistance training maintained skeletal muscle mass in diabetic subjects with concurrent adjustment in regulator of calcineurin 1 expression in flexor halluces longus skeletal muscle. Also, we observed concurrent increment in expression of IL-6 and regulator of calcineurin 1 in present study. It seems that resistance training could contribute to skeletal muscle protection through adjustments in expression of these factors.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
8
v.
32
no.
2016
200
214
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_871_c054dde06352bbdfcce2eb5fcca79593.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2016.871