A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Research on The Prevalence of Ergogenic Substances in Iranian Athletes
Ali
Kashi
Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, Sport Science Research Institute
author
Saeed
Naghibi
Assistant Professor of Sport Physiology, Karaj PNU University
author
Mohammad
Shariatzadeh
Assistant Professor of Sport Physiology, Sport Science Research Institute
author
Alireza
Aghababa
Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, Sport Science Research Institute
author
text
article
2018
per
In this review and meta-analysis 15 studies were eligible for entry into the study and the numbers of 8078 adolescent and young adults' athletes from more than 20 sports field in the fifteen studies were investigated. After collecting and coding data in these 15 researches, by using CMA software all data by using both fixed and random model was analyzed. The results of the meta-analysis conducted in this field showed that estimates point of taking Ergogenic Substances based on random model in male athletes was 63.9 and was variable between 50.6 to 75.3 percent. Also, the prevalence of taking Ergogenic Substances in female athletes Based on the random model was 28.3 and was variable between 25.3 to 31.4 percent. The highest prevalence of Ergogenic Substances use was in bodybuilders, weightlifting, wrestling, and swimming and athletics sports. The results of this study showed that the use of Ergogenic Substances and doping is an indisputable fact and today this problem is not only for the male athletes in some field of sport. The domain of this prevalence is female athletes and very wide range of athletes in different disciplines. If the politician not pay attention, the damage every day will be more develop in young people in our country.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
9
v.
36
no.
2018
17
38
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_1109_026ffb2c07b0d3a01efad5438e2ccae6.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2017.3990.1542
Effects of Resistance Training on Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4 and Lipids Profile Levels in Postmenopausal Obese Women
Rahman
Soori
Associate Professor of Sport Physiology, University of Tehran
author
Nikoo
Khosravi
Associate Professor of Sport Physiology, University of Alzahra, Tehran
author
Seyyed Abbas
Mirshafiey
Professor of Pathobiology, School of Public Health and Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
author
Fahime
Gholijani
M.Sc. Student of Sport Physiology, University of Alzahra, Tehran
author
Najme
Rezaeian
Assistant Professor of Sport Physiology, Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University
author
text
article
2018
per
Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) is a protein inhibiting lipoprotein lipase. Serum levels of this protein increases in conditions of obesity and its related diseases. This study investigated the effect of resistance training on ANGPTL4 and lipids profile in postmenopausal women. For this purpose, 20 sedentary postmenopausal obese women (BMI 30.93±3.33Kg/m2, aged 57.8±5 years) randomly assigned in to experimental (n=12) and control (n=8) groups. Subjects in experimental group participated in 12 weeks of resistance training with free weight, include 8 move in three sets of 8-12 reparations at 40-65 percent of one reparation maximal, three sessions per week. Serum levels of ANGPTL4 and circulating levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL and VLDL, and anthropometric indices measured before and 24 hours after last training session. Statistical analysis was done by paired and independent t-test and Pearson correlation and P0.05). Also, it is possible, resistance exercise by decrease of body fat and decrease of serum levels of ANGPTL4 in Sedentary Postmenopausal Obese Women Can be effect in prevent and treat obesity and diseases depended on it such as cardiovascular disease.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
9
v.
36
no.
2018
39
58
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_1105_ff9c889d6be47ac29cdfaa0776c7dd3f.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2018.1974.1257
Increment of Alveolar Macrophages and Pulmonary Surfactant of Young Male Rats after Six Weeks Interval Training
Shadmehr
Mirdar
Associate Professor of Sport Physiology, University of Mazandaran
author
Froogh
Naiestany
M.Sc. Student in Sport Physiology, University of Mazandaran
author
Gholamreza
Hamidian
Assistant Professor of Histology, University of Tabriz
author
Mahdi
Hedayati
Associate Professor of Biochemistry, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
author
text
article
2018
per
This study aims to investigate changes of Alveolar macrophage and protein levels of pulmonary surfactant due to the six weeks of interval training on young male rats. Fifteen male Wistar rats strain in age by 3-weeks with average weight of 68 ± 9 g, were randomly divided into three experimental of basic, control and training groups. Progressive interval training was performed for six weeks after 2 weeks of familiarity with the lab and the treadmill. Exercises were performed for six days a week, 30-min during each interval training session. Training was carried out 1-min of arduous exercise with 2-min active rest interval in ten repetitions. Half of the training speed was considered for treadmill running speeds of trained rates in period of rest time. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) levels was measured by ELISA method and also Alveolar macrophages population percentages were measured by using Stereology of lung tissue method before and after the training program. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and LSD test at P≤0.05. Six weeks of progressive interval training significantly increased SP-A (P≤0.001) compared to the basic and control groups (32.2 and 24.2 percent respectively). Moreover, these trains significantly increased Alveolar macrophage population percentage than the basic and control groups at P≤0.001 (660 and 11- fold respectively).Physical activities confirmed the interaction effect of Alveolar macrophage and SP-A while, Alveolar macrophage had a more prominent role than the SP-A. It is expected that SP-A had a regulatory role in controlling inflammation and protection of the alveolar macrophage.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
9
v.
36
no.
2018
59
72
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_1106_9934325a86136bdabdb837e4f06d411d.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2018.2114.1281
Effect of Single Bout of Continuous Exercise and High Intensity Interval Exercise on HIF-1α and TNF-α Levels in Adipose Tissue of Obese Male Wistar Rats
Maryam
Nourshahi
Associated Professor of Sport Physiology, Shahid Beheshti University
author
Nazanin
Aboozari
Ph.D. Student in Sport Physiology, Shahid Beheshti University
author
Fariba
Khodagholi
Associated Professor at Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
author
text
article
2018
per
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of single bout of continuous exercise and high intensity interval exercise on Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1alph (HIF-1α) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alph (TNFα) levels in adipose tissue of obese male Wistar rats. Subject was 30 obese male Wistar rat that intake high fat diet for 8 weeks. Subject done an exhaustive test to assess VO2max for determine the exercise intensity then divided into three groups: Control, continuous and High Intensity Interval Exercise (HIIE). The HIIE protocol was five 2min sets of high intensity exercise (100% vVO2max) which separated whit four sets of low intensity exercise (30% vVO2max). Continues group intensity was 65% vVO2max and the running time measured by interval sets distance in HIE group. Western blotting analysis use for determine protein levels in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue and data analysis was performed with SPSS software. Based on data HIF-1α level reduce significantly 33.5% and 45% in continues and HIIE group respectively (P<0.001). Also, TNF-α level was reduce significantly in both experimental group compare to control and reduction significantly lower in continues group compare to HIIE group(P<0.001). In conclusion exercise specially HIIE that seems to be harmful for obese people, probably does not induce increase in hypoxia an inflammation in adipose tissue and reject the possibility of systemic inflammation and subsequently problem after a bout of intense exercise.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
9
v.
36
no.
2018
73
88
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_1229_bbee5db062fa4de3d8dac0dcb0aa288b.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2018.2303.1311
Survey on Metabolic Cardiovascular Risk Factors Changes Following Eight Weeks of Endurance, Strength and Combined Training in Sedentary Obese Children 8-12 Years Old
Alirezza
Ramezani
Associate Professor of Sport Physiology, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University
author
Abbas Ali
Gaeini
Professor of Sport Physiology, Tehran University
author
Morad
Hoseini
Ph.D. Student in Sport Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University
author
Jamshid
Mohammadi
Associate Professor of Physiology, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences
author
text
article
2018
per
The aim of this study was to survey insulin resistance, serum adiponectin, serum FGF21 changes as metabolic cardiovascular risk factors following eight weeks of endurance, strength and compound training in sedentary obese children 8-12 Years Old. Sixty obese male children (age: 10.05±1.41 years old and BMI: 32.36±1.77 kg/m2) were randomly divided into four groups as follows: first group, endurance training; second group, resistance training; third group, compound training, fourth group, control. Exercise training performed 4 times per week for 8 weeks. Combined training was including 2 sessions of endurance training and 2 sessions of resistance training, separately. Blood samples were collected at before and after exercise trainings period to assess the variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measurement and one-way ANOVA to assess variable changes in four groups was used in SPSS software, version 21. Results showed that insulin resistance decreased and serum adiponectin and serum FGF21 increased in training groups to control group (P<0.001). Serum adiponectin had most increased after endurance training protocol in comparison with resistance and combined training protocols (P<0.001). Therefore, three types exercise training that use this research, specially endurance training protocol could be considered as an appropriate and non-medication approaches to prevent and reduce the metabolic cardiovascular risk factors and obesity-related disorders in obese children.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
9
v.
36
no.
2018
89
108
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_1108_7b458d404cbc282581bccca1cdddb93c.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2018.2683.1361
Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Carbon Black Particulates Air Pollution on IL-6 mRNA Expression in the Hippocampus and Frontal Cortex of Male Wistar Rats
Akram
Karimi Asl
Assistant Professor of Sport Physiology, University of Zanjan
author
Hamid
Agha-Alinejad
Associate Professor of Sport Physiology, Tarbiat Modares University
author
Reza
Gharakhanloo
Professor of Sport Physiology, Tarbiat Modares University
author
Batool
Rezaee
Ph.D. in Sport Physiology, Tarbiat Modares University
author
text
article
2018
per
The propose of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training and exposure to PM10 carbon black on IL-6 mRNA expression in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of male Wistar rats. Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats (8-10 weeks age) were randomly divided to 4 groups: A: Control (n=6), B: Aerobic training (n=6), C: Exposure to Carbon black (n=6), and D: Aerobic training plus exposure to Carbon black (n=6). In order to exposure the animals to carbon black particles with diameter less than 10 microns was used particle injection device and chamber (Falunak). The rats of air pollution and air pollution-aerobic training groups were exposed to PM10 carbon black for four weeks (five days per week, two hours per day). After that, the rats of air pollution-aerobic training and aerobic training groups were carried out aerobic training program with 50% of own maximum speed for 4 weeks (60 minutes per session). The animals were sacrificed 24 hours after the last session. The mRNA expression of IL-6 were analyzed in hippocampus and frontal cortex tissues by Real time – PCR. In order to determine the significant differences between groups two-way ANOVA test were used. Particulate air pollution resulted in significant increase in IL-6 gene expression in the hippocampus (p=0.007) and frontal cortex of the brain tissue (p=0.010), however, the training had no significant effect on the expression of this gene. Despite the lack of significant effect of training on gene expression of IL-6, the results showed that the expression of this gene in training and training-air pollution groups was lower than air pollution group. So, it seems that training can moderate the neuro-inflammatory effects of air pollution by reduction of IL-6.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
9
v.
36
no.
2018
109
128
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_1230_0e6d90063e27cb5d62e78e31b390b3af.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2017.2858.1386
The Effect of Pretreatment with Interval Training and Vitamin D on IL-10، BDNF and TNFα in Brain Rat Model of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE)
Sayed Mojtaba
Hosseini
Ph.D. in Sport Physiology, University of Mazandaran
author
Ziya
Fallah Mohammadi
Associate Professor of Sport Physiology, University of Mazandaran
author
Vahid
Talebi
Ph.D. Student in Sport Physiology, University of Mazandaran
author
text
article
2018
per
The present study aimed at investigating the pre-treatment effect of interval exercises and vitamin D supplementation on BDNF and TNFα of the brain in the rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Thirty Lewis rats (six-week old) were assigned to six groups: healthy control, EAE control, EAE control D, healthy interval D, interval EAE D, and sham. Animals were subjected to 6 weeks of interval running training, 5 days in each week, which were performed 10 reps of 1-minute in each. In addition, work to rest ratio of 1: 2 and the running overall time of 30 minutes was considered. After completing the training period, the rats were immunized with guinea pig spinal cord and complete adjuvant. The disease progress and the clinical changes in rats were evaluated over 2 weeks after inducing the disease model. The results showed that there was a significant increase in IL-10 (P=0.003) and a significant decrease in TNF-α (P=0.001) in Lewis female rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, but there was no significant change in BDNF (P=0.62). Furthermore, the clinical symptoms in trained rats were delayed. According to the results of this study, it seems that six weeks of interval training along with vitamin D supplementation can not only postpone the onset of clinical symptoms but also increase the anti-inflammatory and inflammation indices in the brain of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models, and thus could help neuroprotection.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
9
v.
36
no.
2018
129
142
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_1231_d0f2c861de927b7c570215fe26e2faae.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2017.3985.1540
The Effect of Eight Weeks Aerobic Training with Royal Jelly Consumption on Some Cardiovascular Biomarkers During Chronic High Blood Pressure Induced By L-NAME in Male Rats
Fatemeh
Omidi
M.Sc. of Sport Physiology, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University
author
Seyed Abdollah
Hashemvarzi
Assistant Professor of Sport Physiology, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University
author
text
article
2018
per
Hypertansion is one of the most common causes of cardiovascular disease that it can be controlled Using non-pharmacological strategies such as exercise and antioxidant supplements. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training with Royal Jelly (RJ) supplement consumption on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I), nitric oxide (NO) and VEGF of heart tissue in rats with hypertension. 42 male mice were randomly divided into six groups: control, sham, L-NAME, L-NAME +RJ, L-NAME + exercise, L-NAME + RJ + exercise. All groups were injected L-NAME solution at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 8 weeks and 6 days per week in sub peritoneum, except the control and sham groups. The exercise protocol in training groups was treadmill exercise with speed of 15 to 22 meters per minute for 25 to 64 minutes, 5 times in per week for 8 weeks. Supplement groups received RJ supplements at a dose of 100 mg/kg for 8 weeks and 5 times in per week through gavage. Measurement of the biomarkers was performed using the desired kit and ELISA method. Results show that plasma levels of NO and ACE-I increased in the combination group (exercise + RJ + L-NAME) compared with L-name group. Also, the VEGF levels of heart tissue increased in exercise and combination group compared with L-NAME group P<0/05. Based on the results, despite the positive effect of exercise and jelly consumption on the research indicators, these changes were significant only in the combined group, which indicates their synergistic effect. Therefore, it seems that eight weeks of training with royal jelly consumption can reduce the oxidative stress caused by L-NAME.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
9
v.
36
no.
2018
143
158
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_1113_f38fb4c5a2a2340d65f64aff2621c23c.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2017.4127.1555
Effect of Interval Training Intensity on ANP and BNP Gene Expression Levels after Myocardial Infarction
Mehran
Ghahremani
Assistant Professor of Sport Physiology, Gilan-E-Gharb Branch, Islsmic Azad University
author
Sara
Karbalaeifar
Ph.D. of Sport Physiology, University of Tehran, Kish International Campus
author
text
article
2018
per
Myocardial infarction is the cell death in part of the myocardial during an ischemia. ANP and BNP values are known as strong markers of myocardial infarction and severity of disease. So, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of precedent of six weeks high intensity interval training and light intensity interval training on the ANP and BNP gene expression in rats after myocardial infarction. For this purpose, 18 Wistar male rats with 10 weeks old and average weight 250-300gr are placed in two experimental groups, high intensity interval training (85-90% VO2max) and light intensity interval training (55-60% VO2max) and a control group (without any training). Genes expression was investigated with qRT-PCR and data were analyzed by the SPSS 18 with T test and ANOVA (α≤0.05). The findings of present study showed that six weeks high intensity interval training decreased insignificantly BNP and ANP but their reduction was significant during light intensity interval training group than the control group (respectively P=0.067 and P≤0.475). this reduction in light intensity interval training group was significantly more than high intensity interval training group (ANP (P=0.005) and BNP (P=0.001)). In general, six weeks of high intensity interval training and light intensity interval training could reduce cardiac hormones levels compared to control group after myocardial infarction.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
9
v.
36
no.
2018
159
172
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_1110_cf3d2bb3e06618fc61b6f6190065e3bc.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2017.4185.1561
Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Calorie Restriction (Low-Carb Diet and Standard Diet) on Adipokines Affecting Insulin Resistance in Rats with Type 2 Diabetes
Hosein
Dastbarhagh
Ph.D. Students at Sport Physiology, University of Isfahan
author
Mehdi
Kargar Fard
Professor of Sport Physiology, University of Isfahan
author
Effat
Bambaechi
Associate Professor of Sport Physiology, University of Isfahan
author
Hassan Ali
Abedi
Assistant Professor of Medicine Physiology, Jahroom University of Medical Sciences
author
text
article
2018
per
The aim of this study was to evaluate the interactive effects of calorie restriction (standard diet and low-carb diet) in combination with aerobic exercise on the adipokines that are affective on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic male rats. In an experimental study, 48 male Wistar rats (age 10 weeks, weight 229±19.5g) were randomly divided equally into six groups after diabetes induction. Group1: Diabetic control, group 2: 20% negative balance calorie with aerobic exercise, group 3: 20% caloric restriction with standard diet, group4: 20% caloric restriction with low carbohydrate diet, group 5: 20% caloric restriction with standard diet + aerobic exercise and group6: 20% calorie restriction with low-carb diet + aerobic exercise. Then 20% of negative energy balance was carried out on a daily basis of all groups for 8 weeks. Results showed that exercise alone and in combination with low-carb diet caused a significant increase in the Omentin-1 compared to diabetic control group (P≤0.05). But no significant differences were observed in the chemerin between the experimental groups with diabetic control group. The results also showed that the standard diet group and the low-carbohydrate diet alone and in combination with exercise were significantly improved insulin resistance (P≤0.05). This study showed that combination of aerobic exercise and low carbohydrates diet can increase Omentin-1 and improve insulin sensitivity in rats with type 2 diabetes.
Sport Physiology
Sport Sciences Research Institute
2322-164X
9
v.
36
no.
2018
173
188
https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_1111_dd3ad8c7c19c55b27dfe84543847aa9b.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22089/spj.2017.4283.1572