پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی (وزارت علوم ، تحقیقات و فناوری) فیزیولوژی ورزشی 2322-164X 16 64 2024 12 21 The Effect of Resistance Training and Walnut Oil Consumption on Some Oxidative Stress Parameters in Athletes تاثیر تمرینات مقاومتی و مصرف روغن گردو بر برخی پارامترهای استرس اکسیداتیو در ورزشکاران 50 35 4639 10.22089/spj.2025.17394.2338 FA احترام افتخاری گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه دانش البرز، قزوین، ایران 0009-0004-3998-2010 رها رسول نیا گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی(ره)، قزوین، ایران 0009-0008-2001-078X سعید شاملو کاظمی گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران 0000-0002-8133-0954 علی همتی عفیف گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی(ره)، قزوین، ایران 0000-0001-9548-4383 Journal Article 2025 01 15 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Extended Abstract <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Background and Purpose <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Oxidative stress is considered a major risk factor in the onset and progression of metabolic syndrome, as well as in the development of diabetic complications and vascular inflammation. Regular physical exercise is a key component of a healthy lifestyle that helps prevent the occurrence of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. Resistance training, by coordinating the neuromuscular systems and involving enzymes and hormones during exercise while using fats as training fuel in heavier exercises, creates conditions in which the level of oxidative stress increases. Walnut oil acts as an agent against oxidative stress. The anti-inflammatory properties of walnut oil have been confirmed by their effect on the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and MCP-1. Therefore, the current study investigates the effect of resistance training and walnut oil consumption on some oxidative stress parameters in athletes. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Materials and Methods <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The present study was an experimental study with a statistical population of female athletes aged 25 to 35 years, with an average weight of 63.75 ± 3.48 kg. The samples were randomly divided into four groups of ten: Group 1 (walnut oil consumption), Group 2 (resistance training), Group 3 (walnut oil consumption + resistance training), and Group 4 (control). Exercise training was performed for 8 weeks, with 3 sessions per week. In the first two weeks, the resistance training program started with an intensity of 70% of one repetition maximum, and then every two weeks, the training load was increased by 5% of one repetition maximum. In the supplement and supplement with exercise groups, the walnut oil dosage was 15 cc of walnut oil per day, 4 capsules containing 1.25 cc, taken with meals (three times a day) by the participants, according to previous studies. At each stage of blood collection (two stages during the study), about 5 cc of blood was taken from the subjects' brachial vein and transferred to test tubes. Then, the samples were immediately centrifuged by the machine for 10 minutes and 3000 rpm; the serum of the samples was separated and collected in microtubes and frozen and stored at -20 degrees for examination and testing. The Zell bio human kit made in Germany with a sensitivity of 0.03 (u/ml) was used to measure oxidative stress levels. <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The dependent t-test was used to examine intra-group changes, and the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare between groups in SPSS version 25 at a significance level of 0.05. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Results <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The results of the dependent t-test indicated that there was a significant difference in the amount of intra-group changes in the variables under study (superoxide dismutase, reactive oxygen species, and catalase) in all three intervention groups (P < 0.05). However, in the control group, no significant difference was observed in any of the variables under study between the pre-test and post-test (P < 0.05). To compare the effects of exercises and the supplement group on the measured variables in women, the analysis of variance test was used to determine the differences between groups in the post-test. The results of the analysis of variance test showed that following the implementation of 8 weeks of intervention, a significant increase in the SOD variable was observed in the walnut oil group (P = 0.01) and the resistance training + walnut oil group (P = 0.02). However, in the resistance training group (P = 0.11), no significant difference was observed compared to the control group (P = 0.22). Additionally, in the walnut oil group (P = 0.00) and the resistance training + walnut oil group (P = 0.01), a significant increase in the CAT variable was observed (P = 0.65). On the other hand, in the walnut oil group (P = 0.00) and the resistance training + walnut oil group (P = 0.01), a significant decrease in the ROS variable was observed compared to the control group (P = 0.57). In the post-test, there was a significant difference between the four groups (P < 0.05). <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Conclusion <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Dietary supplements, especially herbal ones, counteract oxidative stress due to their high antioxidant levels. In fact, it seems that the compounds in herbal supplements affect the body's antioxidant capacity and prevent excessive and severe increases in muscle damage markers. Additionally, by increasing antioxidant capacity, they inhibit the synthesis of free radicals, resulting in less damage to cell membranes and reducing the levels of various oxidant agents. According to the findings of this study, following resistance training, the levels of antioxidant factors such as SOD and CAT decreased, while ROS levels increased. On the other hand, antioxidant factors such as SOD and CAT increased after walnut oil consumption, while ROS levels decreased. Overall, it seems that resistance training can increase free radicals and affect the antioxidant system in the body, creating conditions for serious damage caused by oxidative stress. Furthermore, the consumption of herbal supplements such as walnut oil increases antioxidant factors, thereby reducing the destructive effects of oxidants on the cell lipid membrane and the activity of oxidant enzymes. Article message <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">According to the results of this study, it seems that consuming walnut oil increases antioxidant capacity and reduces cellular damage by decreasing ROS, improving cellular activity, and reducing muscle damage. Ethical Considerations <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Sports Science Research Institute, in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, with the code of ethics (IR.SSRC.REC.1402.057). Authors’ Contributions <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Conceptualization: (Saeid Shamlou) <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Data Collection: (Ehteram Eftekhari, Saeid Shamlou) <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Data Analysis: (Saeid Shamlou, Ehteram Eftekhari) <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Manuscript Writing: (Raha Rassolnia, Saeid Shamlou) <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Review and Editing: (Saeid Shamlou) Responsible for funding:<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> (Ali Hemmati Afif) Literature Review:<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> (Saeid Shamlou, Ehteram Eftekhari) Project Manager:<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> (Ali Hemmati Afif) Conflict of Interest <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">According to the authors, this article has no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgments <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">We sincerely thank all participants who assisted us in conducting this research. The research costs were covered by the authors. هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی تاثیر هشت هفته تمرینات مقاومتی و مصرف روغن گردو بر روی پارامترهای استرس اکسیداتیو CAT، SOD و ROS در ورزشکاران بود. تحقیق حاضر یک مطالعه تجربی با جامعه آماری زنان ورزشکار بود. نمونه‌ها به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب و به‌طور تصادفی، به چهار گروه ده نفری تقسیم شدند. تمرینات ورزشی به مدت 8 هفته و هر هفته، 3 جلسه اجرا شد که دو هفته ابتدایی، برنامه تمرین مقاومتی با شدت 70 درصد یک تکرار بیشینه شروع شد و سپس هر دو هفته یک بار برای افزایش میزان بار تمرینی به میزان 5 درصد بر میزان یک تکرار بیشینه اضافه گردید و در گروه مکمل گیاهی و مکمل همراه با تمرینات ورزشی، روغن گردو به صورت مصرف روزانه 15 سی‌سی همراه با وعده‌های غذایی مصرف شد. طبق نتایج به دنبال اجرا 8 هفته مداخله در گروه روغن گردو(0.01₌P)، گروه تمرین مقاومتی+روغن گردو(0.02₌ P)، افزایش معنی داری در متغیر SOD مشاهده شد؛ اما در گروه تمرین مقاومتی(0.11₌P) نسبت‌به گروه کنترل اختلاف معنی داری مشاهده نشد(0.22₌P). همچنین در گروه روغن گردو(0.00₌P)، گروه تمرین مقاومتی+روغن گردو(0.01₌P)، نیز افزایش معنی داری در متغیر CAT مشاهده شد(0.65₌P)؛ از طرفی، در گروه روغن گردو(0.00₌P)، گروه تمرین مقاومتی+روغن گردو(0.01₌P)، نیز کاهش معنی داری در متغیر ROS نسبت به گروه کنترل مشاهده شد(0.57₌P). با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش به‌نظر می‌رسد مصرف روغن گردو باعث افزایش ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی و کاهش آسیب‌های سلولی از طریق کاهش ROS و موجب بهبود فعالیت سلولی و کاهش آسیب‌های عضلانی می‌شود.

https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4639_33b879e7ab79f56af1e88359f9314a10.pdf