Sport Sciences Research InstituteSport Physiology2322-164X124820201221The Effect of 8 Weeks Aerobic Exercise on LXRa, PEPCK, and G6PC2 mRNA in Obese Prediabetic MiceThe Effect of 8 Weeks Aerobic Exercise on LXRa, PEPCK, and G6PC2 mRNA in Obese Prediabetic Mice1738212410.22089/spj.2020.8717.2014FAFatemehKazemi NasabAssistant Professor of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran0000-0002-7309-3637Sayed MohammadMarandiProfessor of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran0000-0003-3877-870xSamanehShirkhaniM.Sc. of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranArezooSheikhanian PoorM.Sc. of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranKamranGhaediProfessor of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranJournal Article20200410The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks aerobic exercise on the expression of LXRa, PEPCK and G6PC2 mRNA in the liver tissue of obese prediabetic mice. 18 male C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: 1. Mice fed a high-fat diet (prediabetic obese mice) (n=12), 2. Mice fed a standard diet (non-obese mice) (n= 6). Prediabetic conditions were confirmed by glucose tolerance test (GTT). Then, prediabetic mice were randomly divided into two groups: the high-fat diet-Exercised (HFD-Exe) and the high-fat diet-Sedentary (HFD-Sed). Exercise group were trained on a motor-driven treadmill at 21 m/min, 45 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Mice were sacrificed 24 hours after last exercise session and blood was taken from the heart. The liver tissue was isolated and frozen to measure of LXRa and ABCA1 expression levels and was kept at -70 ̊C.Data indicated that the levels of liver LXRa and ABCA1 in trained mice were significantly higher than in untrained mice.The relative expression of key genes in gluconeogenesis, including G6PC2 and PEPCK in the liver of trained mice, was significantly reduced compared to untrained group. Also, aerobic exercise reduced steatosis and the liver enzymes in prediabetic mice.Following physical exercise, the expression of LXRa and ABCA1 mRNA expression in the liver of mice increases and protects mice from high-fat diet induced obesity and reduces the risk of NAFLD.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks aerobic exercise on the expression of LXRa, PEPCK and G6PC2 mRNA in the liver tissue of obese prediabetic mice. 18 male C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: 1. Mice fed a high-fat diet (prediabetic obese mice) (n=12), 2. Mice fed a standard diet (non-obese mice) (n= 6). Prediabetic conditions were confirmed by glucose tolerance test (GTT). Then, prediabetic mice were randomly divided into two groups: the high-fat diet-Exercised (HFD-Exe) and the high-fat diet-Sedentary (HFD-Sed). Exercise group were trained on a motor-driven treadmill at 21 m/min, 45 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Mice were sacrificed 24 hours after last exercise session and blood was taken from the heart. The liver tissue was isolated and frozen to measure of LXRa and ABCA1 expression levels and was kept at -70 ̊C.Data indicated that the levels of liver LXRa and ABCA1 in trained mice were significantly higher than in untrained mice.The relative expression of key genes in gluconeogenesis, including G6PC2 and PEPCK in the liver of trained mice, was significantly reduced compared to untrained group. Also, aerobic exercise reduced steatosis and the liver enzymes in prediabetic mice.Following physical exercise, the expression of LXRa and ABCA1 mRNA expression in the liver of mice increases and protects mice from high-fat diet induced obesity and reduces the risk of NAFLD.https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_2124_ef41d488755367316f04fc0e0e9dc9fc.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteSport Physiology2322-164X124820201221Effects of Aerobic Training and Curcumin Supplementation on Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis and MiRNAs Expression in Rats Exposed to ArsenicEffects of Aerobic Training and Curcumin Supplementation on Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis and MiRNAs Expression in Rats Exposed to Arsenic3960219910.22089/spj.2020.8706.2012FAAbolfazlMajidiPh.D. Student of Sport Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Tabriz branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran0000-0002-6243-4950RoghayehPoozesh JadidiAssistant Professor of Sport Physiology, Tabriz branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran0000-0001-8056-8293Mir Ali RezaNourazarAssistant Professor of Vet, Tabriz branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, IranJabbarBashiriAssociate Professor of Sport Physiology, Tabriz branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran0000-0002-4565-7052KarimAzali AlamdariAssociate Professor of Sport Physiology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20200617The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of HIIT and curcumin supplementation on cardiac tissue caspase 3 content and also expression of miR-1 and miR-133 in rats exposed to arsenic. Forty-eight (age: 16 weeks, weight: 340.31 ± 24.77 gr) male rats were randomized into six groups including on Arsenic-Training (HIIT), Arsenic-Curcumin (Curcumin), Arsenic – Training + Curcumin (Concomitant), Arsenic (Arsenic), Ethanol Control and Normal Control (pure water). Arsenic 5 mg/bw.day and Curcumin 15 mg/bw.day were consumed orally for six weeks. HIIT were conducted for six weeks (5 d/w) including on 60 min interval running/session (each interval bout was consisted of 4 min running at 85-90% of v Vo2max with 2 min recovery between work intervals at 50-60% of v Vo2max). Cardiac Caspase 3 and miRNAs expression levels were evaluated by western blot and RT-PCR analysis methods respectively. Cardiac mir-1 expression level (P=0.001) and also caspase 3 content (P=0.001) were higher, however; mir-133 expression level was lower (P=0.001) in the Arsenic group than the Normal Control. While no differences were observed in miR-1(P=0.20) and miR-133 (P=0.45) expressions as well as caspase 3 content (P=0.26) between the HIIT and Arsenic groups; lower caspase 3 content was observed in Curcumin group than the Arsenic counterparts (P=0.001). However, in Concomitant group, there were a lower mir-1 expression (P=0.042) and caspase 3 content (P=0.001) in accompany with a higher mir-133 (P=0.010) expression compared to the Arsenic group. Arsenic exposure predisposes cardiomyocytes to apoptosis via modifications in both miR-1 and miR-133 expressions which is associated with cardiac diseases. While physical training could not fully overcome arsenic toxicity in cardiomyocytes, curcumin supplementation and mostly the concomitant effect have more benefits. However, more research warranted to be done because of the lack of similar evidence and also limitations in this study.The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of HIIT and curcumin supplementation on cardiac tissue caspase 3 content and also expression of miR-1 and miR-133 in rats exposed to arsenic. Forty-eight (age: 16 weeks, weight: 340.31 ± 24.77 gr) male rats were randomized into six groups including on Arsenic-Training (HIIT), Arsenic-Curcumin (Curcumin), Arsenic – Training + Curcumin (Concomitant), Arsenic (Arsenic), Ethanol Control and Normal Control (pure water). Arsenic 5 mg/bw.day and Curcumin 15 mg/bw.day were consumed orally for six weeks. HIIT were conducted for six weeks (5 d/w) including on 60 min interval running/session (each interval bout was consisted of 4 min running at 85-90% of v Vo2max with 2 min recovery between work intervals at 50-60% of v Vo2max). Cardiac Caspase 3 and miRNAs expression levels were evaluated by western blot and RT-PCR analysis methods respectively. Cardiac mir-1 expression level (P=0.001) and also caspase 3 content (P=0.001) were higher, however; mir-133 expression level was lower (P=0.001) in the Arsenic group than the Normal Control. While no differences were observed in miR-1(P=0.20) and miR-133 (P=0.45) expressions as well as caspase 3 content (P=0.26) between the HIIT and Arsenic groups; lower caspase 3 content was observed in Curcumin group than the Arsenic counterparts (P=0.001). However, in Concomitant group, there were a lower mir-1 expression (P=0.042) and caspase 3 content (P=0.001) in accompany with a higher mir-133 (P=0.010) expression compared to the Arsenic group. Arsenic exposure predisposes cardiomyocytes to apoptosis via modifications in both miR-1 and miR-133 expressions which is associated with cardiac diseases. While physical training could not fully overcome arsenic toxicity in cardiomyocytes, curcumin supplementation and mostly the concomitant effect have more benefits. However, more research warranted to be done because of the lack of similar evidence and also limitations in this study.https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_2199_1145a30ff80745b56fb0cecf65305017.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteSport Physiology2322-164X124820201221Investigating the Correlation of Maturity, Performance and Hormonal Indices with the Time of Playing (Competition) in Elite Adolescent Football Players During the SeasonInvestigating the Correlation of Maturity, Performance and Hormonal Indices with the Time of Playing (Competition) in Elite Adolescent Football Players During the Season6182226910.22089/spj.2020.9394.2064FAEbrahimEskandari FardPh.D. Student in Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran0000-0002-7776-7758MehdiKargar FardProfessor of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranAntnioFigueredoProfessor of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, PortugalJournal Article20200903Time of playing (Competition) may be affected by the maturity level, hormonal indices as well as the level of physical fitness of adolescent players, therefore the present study, with the purpose of this study is to determine and correlate the maturity, functional and hormonal indices with the time of playing (Competition) in elite football players. Thirty-one elite youth soccer players with a mean age of 16.51±0.252 years were studied over the football season then, the time of playing (Competition) of player was registered. At the end of the season, anthropometric characteristics, hormonal (GH, IGF-1) indices by chemiluminescence, maturity status by skeletal age, fitness tests (CMJ, 7RST, and Yo-Yo Test) Were measured. Pearson and Spearman correlation methods were used to specify the relationship between variables and multiple linear regression to explain the time of playing (Competition) of players (p < 0.05). The results of correlation between variables showed that time of playing with VO2max (r = 0.56), skeletal age (p = -0.42), CMJ (r = 0.40), maturity offset (r = -0.38) And IGF-1 (r = 0.36) had a significant relationship. Multiple linear regression analysis with R<sup>2</sup>=0.55 was significantly predicted players' time of playing (Competition). The results of the present study showed that high levels of insulin-like growth hormone and VO2<sub>max</sub> play a preponderant role in selecting and minutes of playing (Competition) of players in competitions. However, it appears to be more pragmatic to consider other contextual dimensions, as they can impact time of playing (Competition) in a match.Time of playing (Competition) may be affected by the maturity level, hormonal indices as well as the level of physical fitness of adolescent players, therefore the present study, with the purpose of this study is to determine and correlate the maturity, functional and hormonal indices with the time of playing (Competition) in elite football players. Thirty-one elite youth soccer players with a mean age of 16.51±0.252 years were studied over the football season then, the time of playing (Competition) of player was registered. At the end of the season, anthropometric characteristics, hormonal (GH, IGF-1) indices by chemiluminescence, maturity status by skeletal age, fitness tests (CMJ, 7RST, and Yo-Yo Test) Were measured. Pearson and Spearman correlation methods were used to specify the relationship between variables and multiple linear regression to explain the time of playing (Competition) of players (p < 0.05). The results of correlation between variables showed that time of playing with VO2max (r = 0.56), skeletal age (p = -0.42), CMJ (r = 0.40), maturity offset (r = -0.38) And IGF-1 (r = 0.36) had a significant relationship. Multiple linear regression analysis with R<sup>2</sup>=0.55 was significantly predicted players' time of playing (Competition). The results of the present study showed that high levels of insulin-like growth hormone and VO2<sub>max</sub> play a preponderant role in selecting and minutes of playing (Competition) of players in competitions. However, it appears to be more pragmatic to consider other contextual dimensions, as they can impact time of playing (Competition) in a match.https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_2269_51de85ddd068f0bc787691d356176df9.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteSport Physiology2322-164X124820201221The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training and Saffron Extract on the Expression of Some Cachexia-Related Genes in the Skeletal Muscle of Female Mice Carrying Breast Cancer Cell LineThe Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training and Saffron Extract on the Expression of Some Cachexia-Related Genes in the Skeletal Muscle of Female Mice Carrying Breast Cancer Cell Line83104228610.22089/spj.2021.9254.2057FAZeynabNezamdoostPh. D. in Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, IranMarziyehSaghebjooProfessor of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran0000-0001-5862-5490ReyhaneHoshyarAssociate Professor of Biochemistry, Cellular Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran & Associate Professor of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Department, Michigan StateMehdiHedayatiProfessor of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranSaberSadeghi TabasPh. D. Student in Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, IranJournal Article20200801Studies show that exercise training and bioactive component of saffron can reduce apoptosis and cachexia caused by cancer. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of four weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and consumption of saffron aqueous extract (SAE) on the expression of some cachexia-related genes (SIRT1, hTERT, and p53) in the gastrocnemius muscle of mice carrying 4T1 breast cancer cell line. For this purpose, 44 female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into HIIT, SAE, HIIT + SAE, control and sham groups. Following 48h of the last intervention session, mice were euthanized, and the gastrocnemius muscle removed for further analyses. The results showed that the expression of the SIRT-1 gene in the HIIT group was significantly higher than the control and SAE + HIIT groups (P=0.03 and P=0.02, respectively). Also, the gene expression of hTERT in the HIIT group was significantly higher than the other groups (p < 0.05) and in the SAE group was significantly higher than the SAE + HIIT group (P=0.01). Furthermore, the gene expression of p53 in the HIIT and SAE + HIIT groups was lower than the SAE group (P=0.003 and P=0.004, respectively). Based on the results, it seems that HIIT has a positive role in reducing cancer-induced cachexia by regulating higher expression of SIRT1 and hTERT and lower expression of p53 and may be effective in reducing cancer-induced muscle wasting.Studies show that exercise training and bioactive component of saffron can reduce apoptosis and cachexia caused by cancer. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of four weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and consumption of saffron aqueous extract (SAE) on the expression of some cachexia-related genes (SIRT1, hTERT, and p53) in the gastrocnemius muscle of mice carrying 4T1 breast cancer cell line. For this purpose, 44 female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into HIIT, SAE, HIIT + SAE, control and sham groups. Following 48h of the last intervention session, mice were euthanized, and the gastrocnemius muscle removed for further analyses. The results showed that the expression of the SIRT-1 gene in the HIIT group was significantly higher than the control and SAE + HIIT groups (P=0.03 and P=0.02, respectively). Also, the gene expression of hTERT in the HIIT group was significantly higher than the other groups (p < 0.05) and in the SAE group was significantly higher than the SAE + HIIT group (P=0.01). Furthermore, the gene expression of p53 in the HIIT and SAE + HIIT groups was lower than the SAE group (P=0.003 and P=0.004, respectively). Based on the results, it seems that HIIT has a positive role in reducing cancer-induced cachexia by regulating higher expression of SIRT1 and hTERT and lower expression of p53 and may be effective in reducing cancer-induced muscle wasting.https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_2286_fa2431bf9d65058fe34e9713e32d60e6.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteSport Physiology2322-164X124820201221The Preventive Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Doxorubicin-Induced Tissue Toxicity: Histological Evidence of Old and Young Rat Lung TissueThe Preventive Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Doxorubicin-Induced Tissue Toxicity: Histological Evidence of Old and Young Rat Lung Tissue105116223910.22089/spj.2020.8996.2039FASeyedeh ZoleikhaHashemi ChashmiAssistant Professor of Exercise Physiology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, IranValiolahDabidi RoshanProfessor of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran0000-0002-2202-7349SoheilAziziAssistant Professor of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IranJournal Article20200607The toxic effects of Doxorubicin on various tissues from one hand, and the pre-treatment effects of exercise activity before the DOX induction on heart and liver tissues in young rats from other hand have already been recognized, but the pre-treatment effects of exercise on elderly rats, especially in the lung tissue is not well understood. The purpose of the present study was to compare changes in lung tissue following DOX intoxication and the preventive effect of aerobic exercise. 48 young (3 months) and elderly (32 months) male rats were divided into three subgroups: control (307.8, 374.8), DOX (422.368, 430) and DOX + exercise (372.370, 383). Training groups r an on treadmill for three weeks at a speed of 15-17 m/min and a time of 25-39 minutes and five sessions per week. DOX receiver groups received DOX solution (20 mg / kg) 24 hours after the last exercise. 48 hours after DOX injection, biopsy and descriptive analysis were performed. Histological examination of lung tissue showed inflammation, intercellular edema, vascular congestion, increased vascular wall thickness in DOX induction groups and with more degradation in the elderly groups. Performing aerobic exercise pre-treatment in both groups improved the injuries caused by DOX. The findings showed that induction of DOX caused more damage to the lung tissue of elderly rats than young rats, because the resistance of elderly lung tissue to DOX was lower and pre-treatment with aerobic exercise mitigated the destructive effect of DOX on lung tissue and this healing is more evident in elderly lungs.The toxic effects of Doxorubicin on various tissues from one hand, and the pre-treatment effects of exercise activity before the DOX induction on heart and liver tissues in young rats from other hand have already been recognized, but the pre-treatment effects of exercise on elderly rats, especially in the lung tissue is not well understood. The purpose of the present study was to compare changes in lung tissue following DOX intoxication and the preventive effect of aerobic exercise. 48 young (3 months) and elderly (32 months) male rats were divided into three subgroups: control (307.8, 374.8), DOX (422.368, 430) and DOX + exercise (372.370, 383). Training groups r an on treadmill for three weeks at a speed of 15-17 m/min and a time of 25-39 minutes and five sessions per week. DOX receiver groups received DOX solution (20 mg / kg) 24 hours after the last exercise. 48 hours after DOX injection, biopsy and descriptive analysis were performed. Histological examination of lung tissue showed inflammation, intercellular edema, vascular congestion, increased vascular wall thickness in DOX induction groups and with more degradation in the elderly groups. Performing aerobic exercise pre-treatment in both groups improved the injuries caused by DOX. The findings showed that induction of DOX caused more damage to the lung tissue of elderly rats than young rats, because the resistance of elderly lung tissue to DOX was lower and pre-treatment with aerobic exercise mitigated the destructive effect of DOX on lung tissue and this healing is more evident in elderly lungs.https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_2239_487d4c6a324446b3fa45b30cfcee5337.pdfSport Sciences Research InstituteSport Physiology2322-164X124820201221Silver Nanoparticles and Structural Changes in Brain Tissue of Male rats Following Aerobic and Anaerobic PreconditioningSilver Nanoparticles and Structural Changes in Brain Tissue of Male rats Following Aerobic and Anaerobic Preconditioning117134229810.22089/spj.2021.9176.2049FAAfroozMotahediM.Sc. of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, IranSeyed JavadZiaolhaghAssistant Professor of Exercise Physiology, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran0000-0003-2161-600xJournal Article20200805The use of nanoparticles is increasing and can cause neurotoxicity and brain tissue changes. On the other hand, pre-conditioning improves neuronal protections. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the structural changes in brain tissue following Nano silver injections following the two protocols. 30 male Wistar rats were divided in 6 groups of healthy control, nano silver, aerobic protocol, anaerobic protocol, nano silver + aerobic protocol, nano silver + anaerobic protocol. Intraperitoneal injection of nano silver after 10 weeks of aerobic and anaerobic treatments was performed 10% of each rat's body weight in 5 turns. After 48 hours of the last infusion, the rats were indifferent and sampled. The samples were then photographed and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and were studied by optical microscopy. The results of this study indicated that pre-conditioning had a significant effect on weight (P = 0.045) and distance traveled in progressive endurance test (P = 0.000). Nanosilver also caused inflammation (P = 0.000) and neuron degeneration (P = 0.000) of brain tissue in nanosilver rats. However, in the training groups, inflammation (P = 0.001) and degeneration (P = 0.001) were reduced, although there was no significant difference between the protocols in degeneration (P = 0.875) and inflammation (P = 0.928). It seems that pre-conditioning of exercise can be effective in reducing the degree of degradation of brain tissue due to the use of silver nanoparticles.The use of nanoparticles is increasing and can cause neurotoxicity and brain tissue changes. On the other hand, pre-conditioning improves neuronal protections. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the structural changes in brain tissue following Nano silver injections following the two protocols. 30 male Wistar rats were divided in 6 groups of healthy control, nano silver, aerobic protocol, anaerobic protocol, nano silver + aerobic protocol, nano silver + anaerobic protocol. Intraperitoneal injection of nano silver after 10 weeks of aerobic and anaerobic treatments was performed 10% of each rat's body weight in 5 turns. After 48 hours of the last infusion, the rats were indifferent and sampled. The samples were then photographed and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and were studied by optical microscopy. The results of this study indicated that pre-conditioning had a significant effect on weight (P = 0.045) and distance traveled in progressive endurance test (P = 0.000). Nanosilver also caused inflammation (P = 0.000) and neuron degeneration (P = 0.000) of brain tissue in nanosilver rats. However, in the training groups, inflammation (P = 0.001) and degeneration (P = 0.001) were reduced, although there was no significant difference between the protocols in degeneration (P = 0.875) and inflammation (P = 0.928). It seems that pre-conditioning of exercise can be effective in reducing the degree of degradation of brain tissue due to the use of silver nanoparticles.https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_2298_3de568f8597b94bda53149c7d7f5958c.pdf