پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی (وزارت علوم ، تحقیقات و فناوری) فیزیولوژی ورزشی 2322-164X 16 64 2024 12 21 Comparison of the Body Composition Response of Obese Children to Exercise Training Based on the Genotype of the Polymorphism rs266729 of the ADIPOQ Gene مقایسه پاسخ ترکیب بدن کودکان چاق به تمرینات ورزشی بر اساس ژنوتیپ پلی‌مورفیسم rs266729 ژن ADIPOQ 34 17 4644 10.22089/spj.2025.17472.2341 FA زهرا محمدی گروه زیست‌شناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. فتاح ستوده نژاد نعمت اللهی گروه زیست‌شناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-4287-9792 شهره زارع کاریزی گروه زیست شناسی، واحد ورامین پیشوا، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ورامین، ایران 0000-0002-0305-8588 Journal Article 2025 03 02 Background and Purpose Obesity represents a complex, multifactorial condition that increases the risk for non‐communicable diseases. The increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide underscores the need for effective, individualized interventions. Genetic variability plays a crucial role in individual responses to lifestyle interventions, including exercise training. The ADIPOQ gene, encoding the adiponectin hormone, is vital for energy metabolism and fat distribution. The rs266729 polymorphism in the ADIPOQ promoter has been linked to differences in adiponectin levels and metabolic outcomes. This study aimed to compare the body composition response of obese children to an eight‐week exercise training program based on their rs266729 genotype. By stratifying participants according to their genetic profile, we sought to determine whether the presence of the G or C allele influences improvements in weight, body fat percentage, BMI z‐scores, and waist‐to‐hip ratio. Such findings could enhance personalized exercise interventions and improve obesity management effectively. Materials and Methods This study involved obese boys aged 11 to 13 years. Initially, 56 participants with a BMI z‐score >2 were recruited after providing informed consent. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria – excluding those with chronic conditions, regular physical activity, medications affecting growth or nutrition, or endocrine/genetic disorders – 40 participants with diverse rs266729 genotypes were selected. Of these, 30 were assigned to the exercise group and 10 to the control group. Saliva samples were collected from all participants, and DNA was extracted using the Oragene kit. Primers for the rs266729 region of the ADIPOQ gene were designed with Oligo7 and verified via Primer-BLAST. PCR amplification was conducted under optimized conditions: an initial denaturation at 94°C, 35 cycles of denaturation, annealing at 60°C, and extension at 72°C, followed by a final extension at 72°C. The resulting 250 bp products were digested with the HhaI enzyme at 65°C overnight. Digested fragments were separated on a 2% agarose gel to determine genotype profiles (CC, GC, or GG). The exercise training program spanned eight weeks, with three sessions per week, each lasting 70 minutes. Sessions included a 5-minute warm-up, 30 minutes of low-intensity aerobic exercise, 30 minutes of resistance training with progressive load adjustments, and a 5-minute cool-down. Anthropometric measurements – weight, height, BMI z-score, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat percentage, and lean mass – were recorded 48 hours before and after the training period using a Tanita body composition analyzer. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 24. Normality was assessed with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, and group differences were evaluated using one-way ANOVA and paired t-tests, with p<0.05 considered significant. This rigorous methodology ensured reliable genotyping and accurate assessment of exercise-induced changes in body composition, thereby facilitating the evaluation of genotype-specific responses with precision. Findings The intervention resulted in significant improvements in body composition among the obese children undergoing the exercise training program compared to the control group. In the experimental group, post-training measurements demonstrated a significant reduction in body weight, BMI z-scores, body fat percentage, and waist-to-hip ratio, with p-values consistently below 0.05. Notably, the analysis of genotype-specific responses revealed distinct patterns among the rs266729 variants. Participants carrying the GC genotype experienced the greatest reduction in overall body weight and waist-to-hip ratio. In contrast, those with the CC genotype showed the most pronounced decrease in body fat percentage. Although all genotypic groups benefitted from the exercise regimen, the magnitude of change varied, suggesting a modulating effect of the ADIPOQ gene polymorphism on exercise-induced body composition improvements. The study’s statistical analysis, performed using one-way ANOVA and paired t-tests, confirmed significant training effects within the experimental group, while the control group exhibited no significant changes over the same period. Despite observing significant improvements within each genotype subgroup, the interaction effect between genotype and exercise was not statistically significant for all measured variables, indicating that while the polymorphism may influence the degree of change, it does not completely dictate the overall response to exercise. Moreover, the differential responses observed across genotypes align with previous findings suggesting that the G allele may be associated with less favorable outcomes in terms of adiponectin secretion and metabolic improvements, while the C allele appears to confer benefits by promoting a greater reduction in fat mass and improving metabolic profiles. This is evidenced by the lower body fat percentages observed in CC genotype carriers. Conclusion Overall, these findings underscore the importance of considering genetic variability when designing exercise interventions for obesity management. The observed genotype-specific differences highlight the potential for personalized exercise prescriptions based on individual genetic profiles, thereby contributing to more effective intervention strategies. These results support previous research indicating that genetic factors modulate exercise responses and may inform targeted approaches to improve metabolic health in obese populations. The findings thus provide a foundation for future studies exploring genotype-guided exercise interventions. Further analysis indicated that GC genotype carriers not only lost weight faster but also exhibited earlier improvements in waist-to-hip ratio compared to other genotypes. Although lean mass gains were modest and statistically non-significant, these findings emphasize the potential of rs266729 genotype as a moderator of exercise responsiveness in pediatric obesity, in consistent fashion. This study demonstrates that an eight‐week exercise training program significantly improves body composition in obese children, with differences observed among rs266729 genotype groups. The GC genotype was associated with greater reductions in body weight and waist-to-hip ratio, whereas the CC genotype was linked to a more pronounced decrease in body fat percentage. Although the interaction between genotype and exercise did not reach statistical significance for all variables, the trends observed suggest that the ADIPOQ rs266729 polymorphism may modulate the magnitude of exercise-induced benefits. These findings support the potential utility of incorporating genetic screening into obesity management protocols to facilitate personalized exercise interventions. By identifying individuals who may respond more favorably to physical activity, clinicians can tailor treatment strategies to optimize metabolic outcomes and reduce obesity-related comorbidities. Overall, the study underscores the importance of genetic factors in mediating exercise responses, supporting individualized approaches in pediatric obesity care. Clinically, results are relevant. Article Message This study highlights the critical role of genetic factors in determining the effectiveness of exercise interventions for obesity management. The findings reveal that the ADIPOQ rs266729 polymorphism modulates body composition responses in obese children, with specific genotypes demonstrating varying degrees of weight loss and fat reduction. The results underscore the potential of personalized exercise programs tailored to an individual’s genetic profile, which could enhance therapeutic outcomes and reduce the risk of metabolic disorders. Integrating genetic screening into clinical practice may pave the way for more targeted and effective obesity treatment strategies in pediatric populations, ensuring improved long-term outcomes. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Sport Sciences Research Institute (ethics Code: IR.SSRC.REC.1299.111). Funding This study received no funding from public, commercial, or nonprofit organizations. Authors' Contributions All authors contributed to the design, implementation, and writing of all parts of the present study. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We thank all those who helped us in this study. <span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> اهداف: تفاوت‌های ژنتیکی افراد، پیامد مداخلات تغذیه‌ای و دارویی برای کاهش وزن را تحت تاثیر قرار می‌دهد. بنابراین شناسایی این تفاوت های ژنتیکی و نیز شناخت تعامل آنها با یکدیگر و با عوامل محیطی در طراحی مداخلات مناسب برای درمان یا پیشگیری از چاقی مهم است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر مقایسه پاسخ ترکیب بدن کودکان چاق به تمرینات ورزشی بر اساس پلی‌مورفیسم های rs266729 ژن ADIPOQ بود. مواد و روش ها: <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">این پژوهش بر روی 40 پسر چاق که <span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">BMIz<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> بزرگتر از دو داشتند انجام گرفت. برای تعیین ژنوتیپ های <span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">rs266729<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> از روش <span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">PCR-RFLP<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> استفاده شد<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">.<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> آزمودنی ها به مدت هشت هفته، هفته ای سه جلسه و هر جلسه 60 دقیقه تمرینات ورزشی ترکیبی (هوازی و مقاومتی) انجام دادند و تغییرات وزن بدن، چربی بدن، شاخص توده بدن و <span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">WHR<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> آنها بر اساس ژنوتیپ هر گروه مقایسه شد. از آزمون آنوای دو راهه جهت مقایسه متغیرها بین ژنوتیپ ها با استفاده از نرم افزار <span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">SPSS<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> نسخه 24 استفاده شد.<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> یافته ها: در اثر تمرینات ورزشی، بیشترین کاهش در توده بدنی و WHR در پسرانی دیده شد که دارای ژنوتیپ GC بودند و پسران با ژنوتیپ CC بیشترین کاهش را در درصد چربی بدن داشتند (0.05>p). نتیجه گیری:<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> وجود آلل <span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">G<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> در پلی مورفیسم <span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">rs266729<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> می‌تواند یک عامل نامساعد در عدم پاسخ به هشت هفته تمرین ورزشی در ترکیب بدنی کودکان چاق باشد<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> و <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">آلل<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> C <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">در پلی‌مورفیسم<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> rs266729 <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">می‌تواند به بهبود وضعیت سلامتی احتمالاً از طریق افزایش سطوح آدیپونکتین سرمی و کاهش خطر بیماری‌های متابولیکی کمک کند.<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">

https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4644_30d411fdc0e6daf092a74354094359bb.pdf

پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی (وزارت علوم ، تحقیقات و فناوری) فیزیولوژی ورزشی 2322-164X 16 64 2024 12 21 The Effect of Resistance Training and Walnut Oil Consumption on Some Oxidative Stress Parameters in Athletes تاثیر تمرینات مقاومتی و مصرف روغن گردو بر برخی پارامترهای استرس اکسیداتیو در ورزشکاران 50 35 4639 10.22089/spj.2025.17394.2338 FA احترام افتخاری گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه دانش البرز، قزوین، ایران 0009-0004-3998-2010 رها رسول نیا گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی(ره)، قزوین، ایران 0009-0008-2001-078X سعید شاملو کاظمی گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران 0000-0002-8133-0954 علی همتی عفیف گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی(ره)، قزوین، ایران 0000-0001-9548-4383 Journal Article 2025 01 15 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Extended Abstract <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Background and Purpose <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Oxidative stress is considered a major risk factor in the onset and progression of metabolic syndrome, as well as in the development of diabetic complications and vascular inflammation. Regular physical exercise is a key component of a healthy lifestyle that helps prevent the occurrence of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. Resistance training, by coordinating the neuromuscular systems and involving enzymes and hormones during exercise while using fats as training fuel in heavier exercises, creates conditions in which the level of oxidative stress increases. Walnut oil acts as an agent against oxidative stress. The anti-inflammatory properties of walnut oil have been confirmed by their effect on the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and MCP-1. Therefore, the current study investigates the effect of resistance training and walnut oil consumption on some oxidative stress parameters in athletes. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Materials and Methods <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The present study was an experimental study with a statistical population of female athletes aged 25 to 35 years, with an average weight of 63.75 ± 3.48 kg. The samples were randomly divided into four groups of ten: Group 1 (walnut oil consumption), Group 2 (resistance training), Group 3 (walnut oil consumption + resistance training), and Group 4 (control). Exercise training was performed for 8 weeks, with 3 sessions per week. In the first two weeks, the resistance training program started with an intensity of 70% of one repetition maximum, and then every two weeks, the training load was increased by 5% of one repetition maximum. In the supplement and supplement with exercise groups, the walnut oil dosage was 15 cc of walnut oil per day, 4 capsules containing 1.25 cc, taken with meals (three times a day) by the participants, according to previous studies. At each stage of blood collection (two stages during the study), about 5 cc of blood was taken from the subjects' brachial vein and transferred to test tubes. Then, the samples were immediately centrifuged by the machine for 10 minutes and 3000 rpm; the serum of the samples was separated and collected in microtubes and frozen and stored at -20 degrees for examination and testing. The Zell bio human kit made in Germany with a sensitivity of 0.03 (u/ml) was used to measure oxidative stress levels. <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The dependent t-test was used to examine intra-group changes, and the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare between groups in SPSS version 25 at a significance level of 0.05. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Results <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The results of the dependent t-test indicated that there was a significant difference in the amount of intra-group changes in the variables under study (superoxide dismutase, reactive oxygen species, and catalase) in all three intervention groups (P < 0.05). However, in the control group, no significant difference was observed in any of the variables under study between the pre-test and post-test (P < 0.05). To compare the effects of exercises and the supplement group on the measured variables in women, the analysis of variance test was used to determine the differences between groups in the post-test. The results of the analysis of variance test showed that following the implementation of 8 weeks of intervention, a significant increase in the SOD variable was observed in the walnut oil group (P = 0.01) and the resistance training + walnut oil group (P = 0.02). However, in the resistance training group (P = 0.11), no significant difference was observed compared to the control group (P = 0.22). Additionally, in the walnut oil group (P = 0.00) and the resistance training + walnut oil group (P = 0.01), a significant increase in the CAT variable was observed (P = 0.65). On the other hand, in the walnut oil group (P = 0.00) and the resistance training + walnut oil group (P = 0.01), a significant decrease in the ROS variable was observed compared to the control group (P = 0.57). In the post-test, there was a significant difference between the four groups (P < 0.05). <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Conclusion <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Dietary supplements, especially herbal ones, counteract oxidative stress due to their high antioxidant levels. In fact, it seems that the compounds in herbal supplements affect the body's antioxidant capacity and prevent excessive and severe increases in muscle damage markers. Additionally, by increasing antioxidant capacity, they inhibit the synthesis of free radicals, resulting in less damage to cell membranes and reducing the levels of various oxidant agents. According to the findings of this study, following resistance training, the levels of antioxidant factors such as SOD and CAT decreased, while ROS levels increased. On the other hand, antioxidant factors such as SOD and CAT increased after walnut oil consumption, while ROS levels decreased. Overall, it seems that resistance training can increase free radicals and affect the antioxidant system in the body, creating conditions for serious damage caused by oxidative stress. Furthermore, the consumption of herbal supplements such as walnut oil increases antioxidant factors, thereby reducing the destructive effects of oxidants on the cell lipid membrane and the activity of oxidant enzymes. Article message <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">According to the results of this study, it seems that consuming walnut oil increases antioxidant capacity and reduces cellular damage by decreasing ROS, improving cellular activity, and reducing muscle damage. Ethical Considerations <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Sports Science Research Institute, in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, with the code of ethics (IR.SSRC.REC.1402.057). Authors’ Contributions <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Conceptualization: (Saeid Shamlou) <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Data Collection: (Ehteram Eftekhari, Saeid Shamlou) <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Data Analysis: (Saeid Shamlou, Ehteram Eftekhari) <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Manuscript Writing: (Raha Rassolnia, Saeid Shamlou) <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Review and Editing: (Saeid Shamlou) Responsible for funding:<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> (Ali Hemmati Afif) Literature Review:<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> (Saeid Shamlou, Ehteram Eftekhari) Project Manager:<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> (Ali Hemmati Afif) Conflict of Interest <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">According to the authors, this article has no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgments <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">We sincerely thank all participants who assisted us in conducting this research. The research costs were covered by the authors. هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی تاثیر هشت هفته تمرینات مقاومتی و مصرف روغن گردو بر روی پارامترهای استرس اکسیداتیو CAT، SOD و ROS در ورزشکاران بود. تحقیق حاضر یک مطالعه تجربی با جامعه آماری زنان ورزشکار بود. نمونه‌ها به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب و به‌طور تصادفی، به چهار گروه ده نفری تقسیم شدند. تمرینات ورزشی به مدت 8 هفته و هر هفته، 3 جلسه اجرا شد که دو هفته ابتدایی، برنامه تمرین مقاومتی با شدت 70 درصد یک تکرار بیشینه شروع شد و سپس هر دو هفته یک بار برای افزایش میزان بار تمرینی به میزان 5 درصد بر میزان یک تکرار بیشینه اضافه گردید و در گروه مکمل گیاهی و مکمل همراه با تمرینات ورزشی، روغن گردو به صورت مصرف روزانه 15 سی‌سی همراه با وعده‌های غذایی مصرف شد. طبق نتایج به دنبال اجرا 8 هفته مداخله در گروه روغن گردو(0.01₌P)، گروه تمرین مقاومتی+روغن گردو(0.02₌ P)، افزایش معنی داری در متغیر SOD مشاهده شد؛ اما در گروه تمرین مقاومتی(0.11₌P) نسبت‌به گروه کنترل اختلاف معنی داری مشاهده نشد(0.22₌P). همچنین در گروه روغن گردو(0.00₌P)، گروه تمرین مقاومتی+روغن گردو(0.01₌P)، نیز افزایش معنی داری در متغیر CAT مشاهده شد(0.65₌P)؛ از طرفی، در گروه روغن گردو(0.00₌P)، گروه تمرین مقاومتی+روغن گردو(0.01₌P)، نیز کاهش معنی داری در متغیر ROS نسبت به گروه کنترل مشاهده شد(0.57₌P). با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش به‌نظر می‌رسد مصرف روغن گردو باعث افزایش ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی و کاهش آسیب‌های سلولی از طریق کاهش ROS و موجب بهبود فعالیت سلولی و کاهش آسیب‌های عضلانی می‌شود.

https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4639_33b879e7ab79f56af1e88359f9314a10.pdf

پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی (وزارت علوم ، تحقیقات و فناوری) فیزیولوژی ورزشی 2322-164X 16 64 2024 12 21 The Effect of 12 Weeks of Resistance Training and Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS) on Serum Levels of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1), Insulin, Glucose, Insulin Resistance and Body Composition in Overweight Men تاثیر 12 هفته تمرین مقاومتی و تحریک الکتریکی عضله( EMS) بر سطوح سرمی فاکتور رشد شبه انسولین 1 (IGF-1)، انسولین، گلوکز، مقاومت به انسولین و ترکیب بدن در مردان دارای اضافه وزن 71 51 4640 10.22089/spj.2025.17669.2351 FA مهشید فتحی گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران 0000-0003-2167-3987 جلیل رئیسی گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران 0000-0002-6569-431X فهیمه اسفرجانی گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران 0000-0001-8132-8419 Journal Article 2025 01 14 Background and Purpose Obesity is one of the biggest public health challenges of the present century, such that today the health sector of most countries in the world is struggling with issues and complications resulting from the increasing incidence of obesity. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is an anabolic hormone produced primarily by the liver as a result of interaction with growth hormone. In addition to the liver, IGF-1 is also produced in most extrahepatic tissues and acts as an endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine growth factor to regulate cell growth. Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation, which contributes to insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance impairs the ability of muscle cells to take up and store glucose and triglycerides, leading to high levels of glucose and triglycerides in the circulation. IR is increasingly common in all individuals, including middle-aged, overweight, and sedentary individuals. Exercise <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">Training plays an important role in metabolic health, particularly in the insulin-like growth factor-1 system, and may be an alternative treatment for controlling changes in IGF-1 metabolism. Regular exercise can also improve insulin signaling in muscle. improve skeletal muscle mass and increase insulin sensitivity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of resistance training and EMS training on IGF-1 levels, insulin, glucose, insulin resistance, and body composition in overweight men<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">. Materials and Methods The sample of the present study was made up of 40 overweight men with a BMI between 25 and 29.9. The age range of the subjects was between 30 and 50, and they had no regular physical activity during the past 6 months. The subjects were divided into 3 groups: EMS training (n=15), resistance training (n= 13), control (n=12) were divided. The exercises were performed for the resistance training group with an intensity of 50% to 85% of a maximum repetition and for the EMS training group as a pressure perception (master) with a value of 70% to 85%. In this study, an effort was made to control the volume and number of sets and repetitions in each session so that the amount of work done in both groups was approximately equal, despite the difference in intensity percentage, and therefore the impact of the difference in intensity on the results was minimized. Participants were asked to report their exercise intensity using the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale. The intensity of both EMS and resistance training was adjusted to achieve approximately equal RPE scores across both groups. The exercises were performed 3 days a week for 12 weeks. The training time in each session was 40 minutes. Also, they completed a three-day food diary form and a personalized meal plan was designed for each of them. Fasting blood samples were taken 48 hours before the first training session and 48 hours after the last training session to measure serum IGF-1 levels and insulin resistance. Blood sampling was done in two stages (pre-test stage and post-test stage). To measure IGF-1 factor, a DRG brand kit made in Germany with a sensitivity of 9.75 ng/ml was used by ELISA method. Blood glucose was measured using a ParsAzmoun company kit with a sensitivity of 5 mg/dl, and blood insulin levels were measured using ELISA method and a human kit (Beta Biomed) made in the USA with a sensitivity of 0.11(u IU/mL), and insulin resistance was measured using the homeostasis model assessment method (HOMA-IR) Body composition and anthropometric variables were examined in both pre-test and post-test stages using the XContact -356 body analyzer made by Jawon Medical Company, South Korea Findings The results showed that in the subjects of the three resistance training, EMS and control groups, there was a significant difference between the mean IGF-1 (P=0.001, F=30.7) at different time points (pre-test, post-test) in the groups. Also, according to the results of the between-group effects of IGF-1 in the subjects of the three resistance training, EMS and control groups, there was no significant difference in the mean IGF-1 (P=0.44, F=0.82) between the groups after 12 weeks of training.The mean IGF-1 in the resistance and EMS groups increased in the post-test compared to the pre-test, so that the EMS group increased by 14.07% and the resistance group increased by 11.82% compared to the pre-test. The results of insulin, glucose, and insulin resistance showed that in the subjects of the resistance training, EMS, and control groups, there was a significant difference between the mean insulin (P=0.001, F=42.09), glucose (P=0.001, F=13.9), and insulin resistance (P=0.001, F=48.5) at different time points (pre-test and post-test) in the groups. Also, according to the results of the between-group effects of insulin, glucose, and insulin resistance in the subjects of the three resistance training, EMS, and control groups, there was no significant difference in the mean glucose (P=0.29, F=1.28), insulin (P=0.13, F=2.1), and insulin resistance (P=0.11, F=2.3) between the groups after 12 weeks of training. The mean insulin, glucose, and insulin resistance in the resistance and EMS groups decreased in the post-test compared to the pre-test, so that after 12 weeks of training, insulin decreased by 17.6% in the EMS group and 19.4% in the resistance group compared to the pre-test, glucose decreased by 9.4% in the EMS group and 7.92% in the resistance group compared to the pre-test, and insulin resistance decreased by 25.9% in the EMS group and 25.5% in the resistance group compared to the pre-test. In addition, in all three resistance training, EMS and control groups, there was a significant difference between the mean percentage of fat, weight, skeletal muscle weight, and soft tissue weight at different time points (pre-test and post-test) in the groups (P≤0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the mean percentage of fat, body weight, skeletal muscle weight, and soft tissue weight between the groups after 12 weeks of training (P≥0.05). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">Conclusion <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">In summary, the results of the present study showed that both resistance training and EMS significantly increased IGF-1 levels, but this increase was greater in the EMS group. In addition, in both groups, glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance levels decreased, and body composition improved in overweight men. Overall, given the positive results of EMS, it seems that this new training style can be considered an alternative or complement to resistance training. <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">Article Message <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">EMS training may be an effective training method in increasing IGF-1 levels and improving insulin resistance in overweight men compared to resistance training. <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">Ethical Considerations <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">This research has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Isfahan University with code IR.UI.REC.1403.028 Funding <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">This study received no funding from public, commercial, or nonprofit organizations. Authors’ Contributions <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">All authors contributed to the design, implementation, and writing of all sections of this study. Conflicts of Interest <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">The authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgement <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">This article is derived from the thesis of the Professional Doctoral Course in Exercise Physiology at University of Isfahan. We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the successful completion of this research. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">هدف: در پژوهش حاضر، تاثیر <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Adobe Arabic'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Adobe Arabic'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">12<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> هفته تمرین مقاومتی<span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">و تحریک الکتریکی عضله <span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">(EMS<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">)<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> بر سطوح سرمی فاکتور رشد شبه انسولین <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Adobe Arabic'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Adobe Arabic'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">1<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">(<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">IGF-1<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">)<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">، انسولین، گلوکز و مقاومت به انسولین<span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">و ترکیب بدن در مردان دارای اضافه وزن بررسی شد. مواد و روش‌ها: پژوهش حاضر از نوع نیمه تجربی، پیش آزمون _ پس آزمون با گروه کنترل بود. <span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">نمونه پژوهش حاضر را <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Adobe Arabic'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Adobe Arabic'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">40<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> مرد میانسال سالم دارای اضافه وزن<span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">تشکیل دادند. آزمودنی‌ها بصورت تصادفی به 3 گروه تمرین <span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">EMS<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">، تمرین مقاومتی وکنترل تقسیم شدند. دوره تمرینی به مدت <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Adobe Arabic'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Adobe Arabic'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">12<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> هفته و <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Adobe Arabic'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Adobe Arabic'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">3<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> جلسه در هفته<span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">و هر جلسه به مدت <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Adobe Arabic'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Adobe Arabic'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">40<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> دقیقه انجام گردید<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;">. <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">در هر جلسه تمرینی، هر یک از گروه‌ها هفت حرکت ورزشی متفاوت را در سه نوبت (ست) با <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Adobe Arabic'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Adobe Arabic'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">12<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> تا <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Adobe Arabic'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Adobe Arabic'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">15<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> تکرار در هر ست انجام دادند<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;">.<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">تمرینات<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">برای<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">گروه<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">تمرینات<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">مقاومتی<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">با<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">شدت<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> 50<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">تا<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> 85<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">درصد<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">یک<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">تکرار<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">بیشینه<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">و<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">برای<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">گروه<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">تمرینات<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;">EMS<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">به<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">صورت<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">درک<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">فشار<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">با<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">مقدار 70 <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">تا<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> 85<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">درصد <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;">فرکانس<span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">انجام<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">شدIGF-1 <span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;">.<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">،<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">گلوکز،<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">انسولین<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">و<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">مقاومت<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">به<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">انسولین<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">در<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">پیش<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">آزمون<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">و<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">پس<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">آزمون<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">مورد<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">اندازه<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">گیری<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">قرار<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">گرفت. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;">از <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">تحلیل واریانس با اندازه تکراری و سطح<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">معناداری<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">0.05 <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">P<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">≤<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;">ا<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">ستفاده<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">شد.<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> یافته<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;">‌<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">ها:<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> نتایج<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">نشان<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">داد<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">که<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">سطوح<span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;">IGF-1 <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">در<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">پس<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">آزمون<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">نسبت<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">به<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">پیش<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">آزمون<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">افزایش<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">معناداری<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">را<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">در<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">هر<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">دو<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">گروه<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">تمرینی<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">مقاومتی<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">و<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> EMS <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">داشت(P=0.001,F=30.7)<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">،<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;">بطوری که گروه EMS<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> 14/07<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;">درصد و گروه مقاومتی 11/82 <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;">درصد نسبت به پیش‌آزمون افزایش داشت.<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">سطوح<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">انسولین(P=0.001,F=42.09)<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;">، <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">گلوکز(P=0.001,F=13.9) <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">و<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">شاخص<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">مقاومت<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">به<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">انسولین(P=0.001,F=48.5) <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">نیز<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">در<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">پس<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">آزمون<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">نسبت<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">به<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">پیش<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">آزمون<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">در<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">هر<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">دو<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">گروه<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">تمرینی<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">نسبت<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">به<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">کنترل <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;">به طور معناداری کاهش یافت.<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">نتیجهگیری: این پژوهش نشان داد که تمرینات EMS<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">در مقایسه با تمرینات مقاومتی، رویکردی موثرتر در بهبود مقاومت به انسولین، افزایش سطح<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> IGF-1 <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">و بهبود ترکیب بدنی در افراد <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white; mso-bidi-language: FA;">دارای اضافه وزن <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">دارد. این یافته‌ها حاکی از آن است که تمرین<span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;"> EMS <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; background: white;">می‌تواند به عنوان یک روش تمرینی جایگزین یا مکمل برای تمرینات مقاومتی در نظر گرفته شود.

https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4640_080c993fb3b58e26c1d2265bf9da0af3.pdf

پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی (وزارت علوم ، تحقیقات و فناوری) فیزیولوژی ورزشی 2322-164X 16 64 2024 12 21 The Effect of Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate and Caffeine Supplementation on Growth Hormone Levels Following Resistance Exercise in Obese Women اثر مکمل هیدروکسی-بتا متیل بوتیرات و کافئین بر سطح هورمون رشد بدنبال فعالیت ورزشی مقاومتی در زنان چاق 91 72 4641 10.22089/spj.2025.17863.2361 FA کژان رستمی گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد مریوان، مریوان، ایران آوات خورنگ گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد مریوان، مریوان، ایران 0009-0000-4678-2755 حسن فرجی گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد مریوان، مریوان، ایران 0000-0001-5053-7648 محمد رحمان رحیمی گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران 0000-0002-4302-1472 Journal Article 2025 03 09 Background and Purpose Growth hormone (GH) is a potent anabolic hormone that affects multiple systems in the body and plays an important role in lipid metabolism in various locations such as the liver, skeletal muscle, and visceral adipose tissue. Exercise is a potent physiological stimulus for GH secretion, and both aerobic and resistance exercise result in significant, acute increases in GH secretion. The administration of exercise as a stimulus to elicit a GH response in obese individuals is of considerable importance, as it may offer a non-pharmacological approach to reduce adipose tissue deposits and increase lean muscle mass. However, studies have shown that resistance exercise is less able to increase circulating GH in obese individuals than in normal or lean individuals. B hydroxy-b-methylbutyrate (HMB), a metabolite of the amino acid leucine, has been shown to promote strength and lean muscle mass when supplemented in conjunction with resistance training. HMB administration has been shown to increase GH and IGF-I mRNA levels in in vitro and in vivo models, and acute and chronic HMB administration has been reported to increase serum GH levels in normal individuals. The higher bioavailability may rationalize acute supplementation with HMB as a means to enhance the anabolic response resulting from heavy resistance training. Some studies have reported that caffeine is associated with a decrease in GH levels, while others have reported an increase. Our secondary aim was to investigate the effect of caffeine consumption on GH levels after resistance exercise in obese individuals. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of HMB and caffeine supplementation on GH levels following a single session of resistance exercise in obese individuals. Materials and Methods The statistical population consisted of inactive obese women aged 28 to 44 years and without any disease (diabetes, cardiovascular disease, motor disorders, etc.). Among 16 eligible volunteers, 11 volunteers were selected by simple random sampling. All subjects gave their written consent before their inclusion in the study. At least ten days before the experiments, anthropometric and 1-repetition maximum (1RM) measurements were collected, and the subjects were familiarized with the exercise scheme. Percent body fat was calculated by using the equation of Brozek et al. Subjects performed a resistance exercise test in four conditions of placebo (P), HMB (H), caffeine (C), and a combination of HMB and caffeine (HC) in a within-group design with reciprocal balancing. Subjects in condition H consumed 3 g of HMB, 6 mg per kilogram of body weight of caffeine in condition C and condition HC in a combined amount of both conditions, and in condition P also consumed maltodextrin. HMB was consumed 30 minutes and caffeine one hour before the test. The interval between test sessions was one week. Subjects were engaged in a standardized pre-prepared breakfast for 15 minutes in the morning of each session. Blood samples were taken from the subjects after 180 minutes of rest. After consuming the relevant supplement and after the required time, they started to perform sports activities with a predetermined intensity. The next blood sample was taken immediately after the exercise and the third blood sample was taken 30 minutes after the end of the exercise. The serum samples were placed at room temperature for 20min after being transferred to the tubes. The serum was obtained after 20min of centrifugation (3,000 rpm, 4°C) and stored at -20°C until further analysis. Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures and Tukey's post hoc test were used to examine the differences within and between groups with a prespecified experimental type I error rate of 0.05 was used to maintain a type I error rate of 0.05. All calculations were analyzed with SPSS21 software at a statistical level of p<0.05. Normal distribution for all variables was verified with the Shapiro-Wilk test. For all repeated-measures ANOVAs, Mauchly’s test of sphericity was performed to assess the equality of variances between groups. All the data were expressed as means ± SD, and the statistical significance was accepted for p<0.05. Findings All subjects completed the acute resistance exercise session. The data had a normal distribution, and the assumption of homogeneity of variance was violated. In different test conditions, the difference in mean GH levels was significant only in condition H (F=23.27, p=0.001), in which GH levels were significantly higher than resting levels (p=0.001) and 30 minutes after exercise (p=0.003). GH levels immediately after exercise were higher than levels of this hormone in other conditions (p<0.05). GH levels in other conditions including conditions C, P and HC did not change significantly (p>0.05). Changes in mean insulin and glucose levels in different test conditions were not significant (p>0.05). Conclusion In summary, these results appear to be the first study to demonstrate that three grams of HMB can significantly increase GH following acute, high-intensity resistance exercise compared with placebo in obese women. This finding makes important contributions to our understanding of how HMB affects endocrine function in obese individuals. Caffeine does not appear to make a difference in circulating GH levels following resistance exercise. Article message Considering our results regarding the lack of GH increase in obese women during resistance exercise but its increase with HMB consumption, it seems that HMB consumption before resistance exercise can increase GH in obese individuals. On the other hand, caffeine, either alone or in combination with HMB, has no effect on GH levels in obese individuals. Funding The present study did not receive any financial support. Authors’ Contributions All authors contributed to the design, implementation, and writing of all parts of this study. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Acknowledgement We would like to thank the subjects of the present study. هدف: اثر مکمل هیدروکسی-بتامتیل بوتیرات (HMB) و کافئین بر واکنش هورمون رشد (GH) طی فعالیت ورزشی حاد در افراد چاق مشخص نیست. هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی اثر مکمل HMB و کافئین بر غلظت GH متعاقب فعالیت مقاومتی شدید در زنان چاق بود. مواد و روش ها: 11 زن چاق (سن 4/8±45/4 سال، شاخص توده بدنی 2/5±37/3 کیلوگرم بر مترمربع و چربی 4/5±42/4 درصد) برای شرکت در این مطالعه داوطلب شدند. آزمودنی ها در آزمون فعالیت حاد مقاومتی با شدت 80 درصد یک تکرار بیشینه در چهار وضعیت مصرف دارونما، مالتودکسترین، (P)، 3 گرم HMB (H)، 6 میلی گرم به ازای هرکیلوگرم وزن بدن کافئین (C) و ترکیب HMB و کافئین (HC) را اجرا کردند. HMB30 دقیقه و کافئین یک ساعت قبل از اجرای آزمون مصرف شد. نمونه های خونی قبل از مصرف مکمل یا دارونما، بلافاصله پس از فعالیت و 30 دقیقه بعد از آن جمع آوری شد. یافته ها: میانگین غلظت GH بلافاصله پس از فعالیت، در وضعیت H، نسبت به قبل فعالیت معنادار بود (23/27F=، 0/001p=) و در آن GH بطور معناداری بالاتر از سطوح استراحتی (0/001p=) و 30 دقیقه پس از فعالیت (0/003p=) بود. GH در وضعیت های دیگر شامل وضعیت C, P و HC تغییر معناداری نداشت (05/0p>). تغییرات میانگین سطوح انسولین و گلوکز در وضعیت های مختلف آزمون معنادار نبود (0/05p>). نتیجه گیری: مصرف مکمل HMB ممکن است با افزایش سطوح GH طی فعالیت مقاومتی شدید در زنان چاق همراه باشد. احتمالاً کافئین اثری بر واکنش GH پس از فعالیت مقاومتی در زنان چاق ندارد و ممکن است کافئین اثر تعدیل کننده ای در مصرف ترکیبی HMB و کافئین داشته است. مصرف مکمل HMB و کافئین اثری بر سطوح انسولین و گلوکز ندارد.

https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4641_5ffaa9f5182c2a36843f438bb1fdbdea.pdf

پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی (وزارت علوم ، تحقیقات و فناوری) فیزیولوژی ورزشی 2322-164X 16 64 2024 12 21 Path analysis of body mass index and initial dysfunctional schema with the mediation of demographic and socio-economic factors of athletes تحلیل مسیر شاخص توده بدنی و طرحواره ناکارآمد اولیه با میانجی عوامل دموگرافیک و اجتماعی-اقتصادی در ورزشکاران 109 92 4611 10.22089/spj.2025.17626.2349 FA زاهده رحمانیان دکتری روانشناسی ورزشی، استادیار گروه آموزشی روانشناسی و مشاوره، پردیس فاطمه الزهرا، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-0471-9691 علیرضا آقابابا دکتری روانشناسی ورزشی، استادیار و عضو هیئت علمی، گروه روانشناسی ورزشی، پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0001-9811-1865 Journal Article 2025 01 09 Extended Abstract Background and Purpose <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Obesity poses significant physical and psychological health risks, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, depression, and anxiety. It is influenced by genetic, behavioral, and cognitive factors, particularly initial dysfunctional schema. These schemas—often related to beauty in women and power in men—can contribute to disordered eating and excessive exercise behaviors. Body Mass Index (BMI), widely used for weight classification, defines normal weight as 18.5–24.9, overweight as 25–29.9, and obesity as ≥30, according to WHO guidelines. Research highlights associations between BMI and variables such as gender, age, parental education, socioeconomic status, and place of residence. Sociocultural norms and gender stereotypes further shape body image and eating patterns through schema activation. Schema therapy, which integrates cognitive-behavioral techniques, attachment theory, and emotion-focused strategies, has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing BMI. Moreover, links have been established among childhood trauma, maladaptive schemas, and obesity. This study examines the relationship between BMI and maladaptive schemas, mediated by demographic (age, gender, education) and socioeconomic (occupation, income) factors. By integrating psychological, social, and demographic characteristics, this research facilitates the design of holistic obesity interventions that enhance body image and emotional regulation. Materials and Methods This descriptive survey employed convenience sampling to examine athletes active in Iranian sports clubs in 2023. Based on Kaiser’s rule and Morgan’s table, 395 participants completed an online demographic survey and the Young Schema Questionnaire–Short Form (YSQ-SF). The sample included athletes (81%), coaches (8%), and sports managers (6%), with an almost equal gender distribution (49% male, 49% female, 1% undisclosed). Participants had a mean age of 21 years (SD = 16; range: 17–64), an average weight of 79 kg, and a mean height of 166 cm (SD = 25). Athletic involvement ranged from recreational (54%) to amateur (23%), semi-professional (7%), and professional (4%). Competitive achievements included none (67%), regional (12%), provincial (14%), national (4%), and international (1%). Eligibility required participants to be at least 17 years old, with a minimum of one year of athletic experience and at least a high school diploma. Data were collected through (1) a demographic questionnaire covering personal and athletic characteristics; (2) the YSQ-SF (Young, 2005), a 75-item, 6-point Likert scale instrument measuring 15 maladaptive schemas across five domains (α = 0.97; subscales = 0.72–0.94); and (3) Body Mass Index (BMI), calculated as weight (kg)/height (m²). Following approval from the Ministry of Sports, participants provided informed consent and completed the questionnaires online. Results Mean scores for maladaptive schemas (4.00) and BMI (40.00) were observed. Pearson correlations indicated significant associations between schemas and BMI with gender, education, marital status, and employment (p < .01). Linear and curvilinear regression analyses identified education (β = 1.00) and BMI (β = 0.068) as the strongest predictors of maladaptive schemas. The results of the path analysis (SEM) indicated the following: a) Model fit indices: χ²/df = 105.528 (p < .0001), SRMR = 0.10 (acceptable), and NFI = 1.035 (slightly below the ideal threshold but still supported by the other indices). B) Goodness-of-fit (GOF): BMI = 0.15, socioeconomic factors = 0.034, and demographic factors = 0.12, reflecting a weak to moderate overall model fit. Key Findings: 1. Direct effects: Schemas had a significant impact on BMI (t = 2.045, p = .021). Socioeconomic factors significantly influenced BMI (t = 3.597, p < .001). Demographic factors showed the strongest direct effect on BMI (t = 6.129, p < .001). Socioeconomic factors also strongly predicted demographic factors, representing the strongest pathway (β = .168, p < .001). 2. Indirect effects: Schemas indirectly affected BMI through socioeconomic factors (p < .05). A longer pathway was also observed, where schemas influenced socioeconomic factors, which in turn affected demographic factors, ultimately impacting BMI (p < .01).. Conclusion The study highlights several important findings. First, there is a positive relationship between maladaptive schemas and BMI, consistent with previous evidence, with schemas such as rumination and emotional inhibition being linked to unhealthy eating behaviors. Second, socioeconomic factors, including education and income, were inversely associated with BMI, likely reflecting the benefits of improved health literacy and greater access to resources. Third, gender differences were observed, with men showing a higher risk of obesity, suggesting the influence of gender-specific health behaviors. Finally, mediation analyses revealed that schemas affect BMI indirectly through socioeconomic and demographic pathways. The implications of these findings suggest the need for targeted strategies across multiple domains. Psychological interventions, such as schema-focused therapy implemented within sports clubs, may help address maladaptive patterns linked to unhealthy behaviors. Socioeconomic support, including nutrition programs and educational scholarships, can further promote healthier lifestyles by improving access to resources and knowledge. Moreover, gender-tailored approaches are essential, with self-worth enhancement programs being particularly beneficial for women, while performance-related weight management strategies may be more effective for men. Limitations include non-random sampling, reliance on self-report measures, and unexamined mediators such as social support. Recommendations for future research include longitudinal designs, mixed-method approaches, and multidimensional interventions. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of integrated strategies that address psychological, social, and demographic factors in promoting athlete health. Article Message This study highlights the complex interplay of psychological, social, and cultural factors influencing Body Mass Index (BMI) and maladaptive behaviors such as overeating. The results emphasize that cognitive schemas—core mental structures shaped by person–environment interactions—act as filters through which individuals perceive health, process information, and form behaviors. These schemas are further shaped by contextual variables such as education, occupation, marital status, and gender norms. The findings advocate for moving beyond reductionist models (e.g., focusing solely on nutrition) toward comprehensive, multi-level interventions that address individual, organizational, and policy dimensions to promote sustainable health outcomes in athletes. Ethical Considerations Approved by IR.SSRI.REC.1401.1868. Informed consent, confidentiality, and ethical guidelines were followed. Authors’ Contributions Equal contributions to design, execution, and writing. Conflicts of Interest None declared. Acknowledgement We thank participating athletes, clubs, and officials. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">هدف: <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">هدف پژوهش حاضر، تحلیل مسیر شاخص توده بدنی و طرح‌واره‌های ناکارآمد اولیه با نقش میانجی عوامل دموگرافیک و اجتماعی-اقتصادی در میان ورزشکاران بود. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">روش پژوهش: <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">پژوهش حاضر از نوع توصیفی و مبتنی بر تحلیل مسیر بود. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه ورزشکاران باشگاه‌های ورزشی ایران بود که از میان آنان، 395 ورزشکار زن و مرد با سطوح مختلف ورزشی، تحصیلی و شغلی در سال 1402 به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها شامل پرسش‌نامه ویژگی‌های دموگرافیک و پرسش‌نامه طرح‌واره‌های ناکارآمد اولیه بود که بر روی نمونه مورد مطالعه اجرا شد<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">یافته ها: ماتریس همبستگی پیرسون نشان داد بین طرح‌واره ناکارآمد اولیه با شاخص توده بدنی، جنسیت، تحصیلات، تأهل، اشتغال رابطه خطی معناداری وجود دارد (0/01> <span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">p<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">). رگرسیون خطی و انحنایی جهت پیش‌بینی شاخص توده بدنی از طریق جنسیت، تحصیلات، تأهل، اشتغال، سابقه ورزشی، سطوح مدال‌های کسب شده و سمت ورزشی معنادار بود (0/01> <span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">p<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">). اثر طرح‌واره ناکارآمد اولیه، عوامل اجتماعی-اقتصادی و دموگرافیک بر شاخص توده بدنی و نیز اثر متقابل عوامل اجتماعی-اقتصادی بر عوامل دموگرافیک و شاخص توده بدنی و نیز عوامل دموگرافیک بر شاخص توده بدنی معنادار است (0/05> <span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">p<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">). اثر طرح‌واره ناکارآمد اولیه بر شاخص توده بدنی با میانجی عوامل اجتماعی-اقتصادی معنادار بود (0/05> <span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">p<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">). همچنین اثر عوامل اجتماعی-اقتصادی بر شاخص توده بدنی با میانجی عوامل دموگرافیک معنادار بود (0/01><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">p<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">). بعلاوه، اثر طرح‌واره ناکارآمد اولیه بر عوامل دموگرافیک با میانجی عوامل اجتماعی-اقتصادی معنادار بود (01/0><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">p<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">). علاوه بر این، اثر طرح‌واره ناکارآمد اولیه بر شاخص توده بدنی با میانجی عوامل اجتماعی-اقتصادی و عوامل دموگرافیک معنادار بود (0/01><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">p<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">). <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">نتیجه گیری: در نتیجه امکان پیش‌بینی شاخص توده بدنی از طریق طرح‌واره ناکارآمد اولیه با میانجی سطوح تحصیلی-شغلی و وضعیت تأهل و جنسیت وجود دارد.

https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4611_14f2ebeab937ca128186e7ba876faef9.pdf

پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی (وزارت علوم ، تحقیقات و فناوری) فیزیولوژی ورزشی 2322-164X 16 64 2024 12 21 Separate and combined effects of aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation on total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde in prostate tissue of rats with prostate cancer آثار جداگانه و توامان تمرینات هوازی و مکمل ویتامین D بر تغییرات مالون دی آلدئید و ظرفیت آنتی اکسیدانی تام بافت پروستات موش های مبتلا به سرطان پروستات 124 110 4646 10.22089/spj.2025.17681.2352 FA فرزانه حسینی دانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی ورزشی، گروه علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران 0000-0003-3877-870X داریوش شیخ الاسلامی وطنی استاد فیزیولوژی ورزشی، گروه علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران 0000-0002-9771-8806 Journal Article 2026 02 06 Extended Abstract Background and Purpose Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers among men. Data indicate that prostate adenocarcinoma is the most prevalent type of PCa. Factors such as age, lifestyle, genetic history, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and environmental influences appear to contribute to the development of this disease. Regular physical activity is associated with reduced mortality from uterine and ovarian cancers, decreased mortality from PCa, and even slowing the progression of these diseases. Exercise can increase antioxidants, modulate redox balance, and regulate the expression of metabolic genes. Besides physical activity, it is believed that the use of natural antioxidants and a proper diet can have beneficial effects on some chronic diseases. One of these antioxidants is vitamin D (VD); VD is one of the most well-known nutrients with a crucial role in vital cellular mechanisms. Evidence shows that VD acts as an antioxidant by directly neutralizing free radicals and may serve as a suitable complementary agent in cancer therapies. Systematic reviews confirm that aerobic exercise induces an adaptive antioxidant response and increases levels of SOD, CAT, and GPx, while initially raising oxidative biomarkers such as MDA in an exercise-dependent manner—but subsequently decreasing them. This hormonal effect creates an enhanced redox balance in target tissues, including the prostate. Although both vitamin D and aerobic exercise independently reduce oxidative damage in prostate tissue, their combined effects on MDA and TAC have not been fully investigated. The convergence of their mechanisms—suppressing ROS production, enhancing antioxidant enzyme systems, and reducing lipid peroxidation—indicates a potential synergistic advantage in prostate cancer. Evaluating their joint impact could reveal additive or even synergistic improvements in oxidative balance and provide insight into novel complementary interventions for prostate disease. Methods In this experimental study, 48 male Wistar rats were obtained from the breeding and laboratory animal center of Beitaran Laboratory. The samples were selected purposefully and based on availability. Male rats aged between 10 to 12 months and weighing between 280 to 300 grams were considered for the study. Forty rats with induced prostate cancer were randomly divided into five groups: (1) diseased control group (PCa), (2) sham group (vitamin D solvent/sesame oil, Sh), (3) vitamin D supplementation group (VD), (4) exercise group (T), and (5) exercise plus vitamin D group (T+VD). Additionally, to examine the effect of prostate cancer induction on the study variables, eight healthy rats were assigned to the healthy control group (HC). To induce prostate cancer in the rats, LNCaP and TSP-1-EnSCs cell lines were first ordered from the Pasteur Institute of Iran under standard conditions and appropriate culture media containing all necessary nutrients for cell viability. The cells were cultured and maintained in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) from Life Technologies, Canada. For preparing the injectable solution to the prostate gland, a suspension containing 1×10^6 LNCaP cells in 75 microliters of RPMI 1640 with 5% FBS and 75 microliters of Matrigel was prepared. The rats were anesthetized using a combination of ketamine and xylazine. A transverse incision was made in the lower abdominal cavity, and after cutting through the superficial and deep muscles, the abdominal muscles were incised, and the bladder and seminal vesicles were freed through the incision to expose the dorsal lobe of the prostate. The prostate cancer-induced rats were familiarized with a special rotating wheel for rats and exercise protocols for one week. Subsequently, the rats ran daily for 60 minutes at a speed of 15 meters per minute on a 15-degree incline. Vitamin D used in this study was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA. Due to its insolubility in non-fatty substances, vitamin D was dissolved in sesame oil and administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 1000 IU/kg daily. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels were measured using ZellBio kits from Germany. To analyze differences between groups, paired t-tests and one-way ANOVA were applied. When significant differences were found, Tukey’s post hoc test was used to determine the location of the differences. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 19, and a significance level of p ≤ 0.05 was considered for all analyses. Results The results of the one-way ANOVA test showed significant differences in the levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (P = 0.001, F = 44.41) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (P = 0.001, F = 66.87) among the study groups. Tukey’s post hoc test revealed that TAC in the prostate tissue of the prostate cancer group (PCa) was significantly lower than that of the healthy control group (HC) (P = 0.008). Although no significant differences in TAC levels were observed between the PCa group and the vitamin D supplementation group (VD) (P = 0.26) or the exercise group (T) (P = 0.12), TAC levels in the combined exercise and vitamin D group (T+VD) (P = 0.001) and the sham group (Sham) (P = 0.001) were significantly higher compared to the PCa group. Furthermore, TAC in the T+VD group was significantly higher than in the T (P = 0.001), VD (P = 0.001), and Sham (P = 0.001) groups. Regarding MDA levels, the PCa (P = 0.001) and Sham (P = 0.001) groups exhibited significantly higher values compared to the HC group. Conversely, MDA levels in the VD (P = 0.001), T (P = 0.001), and T+VD (P = 0.001) groups were significantly lower than those in the PCa group. Additionally, the T (P = 0.003) and T+VD (P = 0.001) groups showed significantly lower MDA levels compared to the VD group. Moreover, MDA levels in the T+VD group were significantly lower than those in the T group (P = 0.001). Conclusion It appears that although exercise and vitamin D individually have a limited effect on reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the prostate tissue of rats with prostate cancer, their combination can enhance these effects by significantly improving antioxidant capacity and further decreasing MDA. This suggests a synergistic interaction between aerobic exercise and vitamin D supplementation, which may offer a more effective strategy to mitigate oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation associated with prostate cancer progression. Integrating both interventions could therefore provide a promising complementary approach in managing oxidative damage in prostate cancer. Key Words: Exercise training, Vitamin D, Total antioxidant capacity, Prostate cancer Article message The combination of aerobic exercise and vitamin D supplementation can more effectively enhance the antioxidant capacity and reduce malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the prostate tissue of rats with prostate cancer compared to either intervention alone; therefore, simultaneous application of these two interventions represents a more effective strategy for improving oxidative status in prostate cancer. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Kurdistan under the code IR.UOK.REC.1403.049. Authors’ Contributions All authors contributed to the design, implementation, and writing of all parts of the present study. Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.. Acknowledgments (Times New Roman (Headings CS) 12 bold) We thank all those who helped us in this study. مقدمه: اگرچه نقش مطلوب تمرین و ویتامین D (VD) بر سیستم اکسیدان-آنتی اکسیدانی گزارش شده ، اما اثرات جداگانه یا همزمان این مداخلات در بیماری سرطان پروستات (PCa) به خوبی معلوم نیست. بنابراین مطالعه حاضر به بررسی اثر هشت هفته تمرین هوازی (T) همراه با مکمل VD بر ظرفیت آنتی اکسیدانی تام (TAC) و مالون دیآلدئید (MDA) در بافت پروستات موشهای صحرایی مبتلا به PCa پرداخت. روشها: 40 موش صحرایی نر مبتلا شده به سرطان پروستات با رده سلولی LNCaP به صورت تصادفی در گروههای زیر قرار گرفتند: (1) کنترل بیمار (PCa)، (2) شم (حلال ویتامین D/ روغن کنجد (Sh)، (3) VD، (4) T (تمرین هوازی) و (5) T+VD. همچنین برای بررسی اثر القا سرطان پروستات بر متغیرهای تحقیق 8 سر موش صحرایی سالم در گروه کنترل سالم (HC) قرار گرفتند. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد TAC در بافت پروستات گروه PCa به طور معنی داری کمتر از گروه HC بود (008/0=P). مقادیر MDA در گروههای T و VD کمتر از گروه PCa بود (05/0≥P). همچنین در گروه T+VD، مقادیر MDA و TAC به ترتیب کمتر و بیشتر از گروه PCa بود (05/0≥P). علاوه براین، تغییرات مشاهده شده در گروه T+VD نسبت به گروههایی که مداخلات T و VD را به تنهایی دریافت کرده بودند، بهتر بود (05/0≥P). نتیجه گیری: هر چند تمرینات منظم هوازی و ویتامین D – هر دو- بر کاهش MDA در بافت پروستات موشهای صحرایی مبتلا به سرطان پروستات اثرگذارند؛ ولی ترکیب این مداخلات میتواند بر کاهش MDA و افزایش TAC اثرات سینرژیک داشته باشد.

https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4646_50f3f8c42b998a48057e9d33f4144b8b.pdf