پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی (وزارت علوم ، تحقیقات و فناوری) فیزیولوژی ورزشی 2322-164X 17 66 2025 06 22 Changes of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Oxidative Stress Following Q10 Supplementation Combined with High Intensity Interval Training in the Older Adults: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial تغییرات استقامت قلبی‌تنفسی و نشانگرهای اکسیداتیو متعاقب مکمل‌یاری کوآنزیم Q10 در ترکیب با تمرین تناوبی با شدت بالا در سالمندان: یک کارآزمایی بالینی تصادفی دوسوکور 33 17 4727 10.22089/spj.2025.18185.2380 FA نوید باقری گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران 0000-0001-8878-7781 مهدی کارگرفرد گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران 0000-0002-9205-799X دیوید اسکات گروه پزشکی، دانشکده سلامت مؤسسه فعالیت بدنی و تغذیه،، دانشگاه دیکین، جیلانگ، استرالیا 0000-0001-5226-1972 Journal Article 2025 06 22 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Extended Abstract <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Background and Purpose Aging is characterized by a decline in antioxidant capacity and a concomitant rise in oxidative stress, which collectively contribute to cellular damage and the advancement of age-related disorders. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been demonstrated to enhance antioxidant defenses by upregulating enzymatic activity and improving mitochondrial function. However, the excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during intense exercise may exert adverse effects. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a vital endogenous antioxidant integral to mitochondrial electron transport and energy metabolism, also diminishes with age, potentially heightening susceptibility to oxidative damage. While the independent benefits of HIIT and CoQ10 supplementation have been established, their combined effects in older populations remain underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate whether CoQ10 supplementation potentiates antioxidant adaptations and aerobic capacity in response to HIIT among older adults. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Materials and Methods This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with a semi-experimental pretest-posttest design enrolled 38 healthy elderly individuals aged 65–75 years. Sample size calculation using G*Power 3.1 for repeated-measures ANOVA with interaction (power = 0.80, α = 0.05, effect size f = 0.25) indicated 34 participants were required; four additional subjects accounted for potential attrition. Eligible participants were recruited via public announcements in Isfahan and randomly allocated into HIIT+CoQ10 or HIIT+Placebo groups (n = 19 per group; 8 women and 11 men in each). All participants were medically cleared and classified as sedentary based on the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE).Pre-intervention assessments included three 24-hour dietary recalls and PASE for physical activity. Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO₂peak) was assessed via the Astrand submaximal cycle ergometer test. Oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarkers—malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)—were quantified using standardized commercial assay kits exhibiting acceptable intra- and inter-assay variability.The HIIT intervention spanned eight weeks, with thrice-weekly sessions comprising five one-minute bouts at 80–95% of maximum heart rate (HRmax), interspersed by one-minute active recovery, alongside warm-up and cool-down phases, totaling 15 minutes per session. Intensity was progressively increased in three phases: weeks 1–3 (80–85% HRmax), weeks 4–6 (85–90% HRmax), and weeks 7–8 (90–95% HRmax). Participants ingested 100 mg/day of CoQ10 or placebo softgels with lunch; supplements were indistinguishable to preserve blinding. Adherence was monitored by capsule count and weekly reminders.Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Isfahan Ethics Committee (IR.UI.REC.1403.018), and the trial was registered with the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20240310061243N1). <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Results Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant main effects of group (p = 0.048), time (p < 0.001), and group × time interaction (p < 0.001) for VO₂peak. Both groups exhibited significant post-intervention enhancements in aerobic capacity; however, the HIIT+CoQ10 group showed a significantly greater increase compared to the HIIT+Placebo group. For MDA, a marker of oxidative stress, analyses displayed a significant main effect of time (p < 0.001) and a significant group × time interaction (p < 0.001), with no significant main effect of group (p = 0.166). The reduction in MDA was more pronounced in the CoQ10-supplemented group, reflecting attenuated lipid peroxidation.SOD levels demonstrated no significant group effect (p = 0.325), but significant effects for time (p < 0.001) and the interaction (p < 0.001), indicating increases in both groups, with a larger elevation in the CoQ10 group. GPX activity showed significant time (p < 0.001) and group × time interaction effects (p < 0.001), but no significant group effect (p = 0.750). Improvement occurred in both groups without significant between-group differences. TAC revealed similar patterns: significant time (p < 0.001) and interaction effects (p < 0.001), but no significant group effect (p = 0.594). TAC increased post-intervention in both groups, with greater gains in the CoQ10 group.In summary, although both HIIT interventions improved aerobic capacity and antioxidant defenses significantly, CoQ10 supplementation elicited augmented enhancements in VO₂peak and selected antioxidant biomarkers, indicating a synergistic effect on physiological adaptations relevant to oxidative stress and aerobic fitness in older adults. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Conclusion <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; font-weight: normal;">This investigation demonstrated that an eight-week HIIT regimen markedly enhances aerobic capacity and antioxidant defenses in older adults. CoQ10 supplementation further amplified these benefits, evidenced by greater decreases in MDA and increases in SOD and TAC relative to placebo control. Although GPX activity improved with training, CoQ10 did not significantly influence this parameter. These findings corroborate existing evidence on HIIT benefits and highlight a synergistic interaction when combined with CoQ10. Given the decline in VO₂peak and antioxidant capacity associated with aging, this combined approach provides a promising intervention to mitigate age-related physiological deterioration. Incorporating targeted supplementation alongside structured exercise in geriatric health programs is thus supported. Future studies should investigate dose-response relationships and long-term effects in older populations to optimize anti-aging strategies through lifestyle and nutritional interventions. Article Message considering the decline in aerobic capacity, elevated oxidative stress, and diminished antioxidant system efficiency with aging, a combined approach of supplementation and exercise training represents a scientifically grounded and effective strategy to counteract aging-related degeneration. The findings of this study may inform the design of future geriatric medicine, exercise, and clinical nutrition interventions. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Isfahan (<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">IR.UI.REC.1403.018), and it was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) under the identifier <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">IRCT20240310061243N1. Authors’ Contributions <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">All authors contributed equally to the development and finalization of this manuscript. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that this research was conducted without any funding. No conflicts of interest exist that could have influenced the results or interpretation. Acknowledgments We sincerely thank all the elderly participants for their cooperation during this study. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">هدف: با افزایش سن، کاهش عملکرد سیستم آنتی‌اکسیدانی و افزایش استرس اکسیداتیو منجر به افزایش خطر آسیب‌های سلولی و تسریع فرایند سالمندی می‌شود. کوآنزیم Q10 (CoQ10) به‌عنوان یک آنتی‌اکسیدان ممکن است با تقویت دفاع سلولی، سازگاری‌های ناشی از تمرینات شدید را بهبود بخشد؛ بر این اساس، پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثر مکمل‌یاری CoQ10 بر سازگاری دستگاه آنتی‌اکسیدانی ناشی از تمرینات تناوبی با شدت بالا (HIIT) در سالمندان انجام شد. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه، ۳۸ سالمند (۲۲ مرد و ۱۶ زن، ۶۵ تا ۷۵ سال) به ‌صورت داوطلبانه شرکت کردند و به ‌طور تصادفی به دو گروه تمرین+مکمل CoQ10 و تمرین+پلاسبو تقسیم شدند. شاخص‌ VO2peak و نشانگرهای استرس اکسیداتیو شامل مالون‌دی‌آلدئید (MDA)، سوپراکسید دیسموتاز (SOD)، گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز (GPX) و ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی کل (TAC)، پیش و پس از هشت هفته تمرین HIIT و مصرف روزانه ۱۰۰ میلی‌گرم مکمل یا دارونما اندازه‌گیری شدند. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد، گروه تمرین+مکمل بهبود معناداری را در (0.05>P) VO2peak و شاخص‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی [MDA (0.05>P)، SOD (0.05>P) و TAC (0.05>P)] در مقایسه با گروه پلاسبو نشان داد. <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">نتیجه گیری: <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">براساس یافته‌ها، اثر هم‌افزای مکمل‌یاریCoQ10 با تمرینات HIIT موجب بهبود بیشتر ظرفیت قلبی‌تنفسی و سازگاری آنتی‌اکسیدانی در سالمندان می‌شود.

https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4727_6fb52e71b837628ac16539c1ff911667.pdf

پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی (وزارت علوم ، تحقیقات و فناوری) فیزیولوژی ورزشی 2322-164X 17 66 2025 06 22 Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Enhances the Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Cardiac Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Rats with Myocardial Infarction Model پیش‌آماده‌سازی ایسکمی دور اثر تمرین هوازی بر استرس شبکه آندوپلاسمی قلب را در موش‌های صحرایی مدل سکته قلبی تقویت می‌کند 49 34 4693 10.22089/spj.2025.18049.2373 FA عاطفه قربانی پور دانشجوی دکتری، گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، واحد ساری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ساری، ایران 0009-0007-4852-7070 امین فرزانه حصاری دانشیار، گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، واحد ساری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ساری، ایران 0000-0003-3477-8286 پروین فرزانگی استاد، گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، واحد ساری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ساری، ایران عبدالرضا جعفری استادیار، گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، واحد ساری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ساری، ایران 0000-0003-2987-8266 Journal Article 2025 05 11 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Extended Abstract <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Background and Purpose Myocardial infarction (MI) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a crucial cellular organelle, regulates calcium homeostasis, mediates protein folding, and synthesizes lipids. Disruptions caused by oxidative stress and ischemia adversely affect calcium equilibrium, resulting in accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins, thereby inducing ER stress. Increasing evidence implicates ER stress as a central pathogenic mechanism underlying various cardiovascular diseases. Notably, MI-induced excessive ER stress activates three primary signaling pathways leading to cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Aerobic exercise training has been demonstrated to enhance exercise capacity and cardiac function while preventing adverse remodeling of cardiac tissue, therefore serving as an effective adjunctive therapy in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders. Recent animal studies report that aerobic training mitigates oxidative stress, restores mitochondrial function, and corrects calcium handling abnormalities, positioning it as a promising modality to attenuate ER stress. Moreover, ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is an established cardioprotective strategy characterized by brief, sublethal episodes of local ischemia, which render tissues more resilient to subsequent ischemic insults. While IPC has consistently reduced infarct size in animal models, its combined effects with aerobic exercise training on ER stress regulation remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic training and IPC—applied singly or in combination—on myocardial PERK and ATF6 gene expression in a rat model of MI. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Materials and Methods This experimental study employed a rigorous multi-group post-test design involving thirty-five male Wistar rats (8 weeks old; 225 ± 15 g). Animals were randomly allocated into seven groups: Control (C), MI, MI with one-leg ischemia (1IP), MI with two-leg ischemia (2IP), MI with aerobic training (T), MI with one-leg ischemia plus training (1IPT), and MI with two-leg ischemia plus training (2IPT).Myocardial infarction was experimentally induced by subcutaneous administration of isoproterenol (100 mg/kg) dissolved in normal saline for two consecutive days with a 24-hour interval. Confirmation of MI was obtained by measuring serum levels of cardiac troponin, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase extracted via blood samples from the medial canthus.Ischemic preconditioning was performed by applying a tourniquet to the upper hind limb(s), inducing ischemia for 5 minutes followed by 5 minutes reperfusion, repeated in 3 cycles. Complete occlusion was verified by absence of pulse, hypothermia, and cyanosis in the limb. Aerobic training commenced 20 minutes after the final IPC cycle.The aerobic exercise protocol spanned eight weeks with five sessions per week. Initial weeks involved treadmill running at 10 m/min for 15 minutes (weeks 1–2), escalating to 15 m/min for 20 minutes (weeks 3–4), 20 m/min for 25 minutes (weeks 5–6), and culminating at 25 m/min for 30 minutes (weeks 7–8), maintaining a constant 5% incline.Forty-eight hours post-training, rats were anesthetized and myocardial tissues harvested. Myocardial PERK and ATF6 mRNA expression levels were quantified using RT-PCR. Statistical analyses were performed via one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests with significance set at P < 0.05. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Results One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in myocardial PERK gene expression among groups (F = 59.8, P = 0.001). MI induced a marked upregulation of PERK expression compared to controls (P = 0.0001). Tukey post hoc comparisons demonstrated significant downregulation of PERK in the 1IP (P = 0.032), 2IP (P = 0.004), T (P = 0.001), 1IPT (P = 0.0001), and 2IPT (P = 0.0001) groups relative to MI alone. Moreover, combined ischemia and training groups (1IPT and 2IPT) exhibited greater PERK reduction compared to single-modality groups: 1IP (P = 0.0001; P = 0.0001), 2IP (P = 0.0001; P = 0.005), and T (P = 0.045; P = 0.031). No significant difference was observed between 1IPT and 2IPT (P = 0.935).Regarding ATF6 expression, significant group differences were observed (F = 55.1, P = 0.0001). MI significantly elevated ATF6 compared to controls (P = 0.0001). The 1IP (P = 0.0001), 2IP (P = 0.0001), T (P = 0.003), 1IPT (P = 0.0001), and 2IPT (P = 0.0001) groups demonstrated significant reductions relative to MI. Notably, 1IPT reduced ATF6 expression more than 2IP (P = 0.0001), and 2IPT presented further reduction compared to both 1IP (P = 0.048) and 2IP (P = 0.0012). No difference was found between 1IPT and 2IPT (P = 0.989). <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Conclusion <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; font-weight: normal;">The induction of MI in Wistar rats is associated with elevated myocardial ER stress, as evidenced by increased expression of PERK and ATF6 genes. The present findings suggest that remote ischemic preconditioning enhances the protective effect of aerobic training in attenuating ER stress markers post-MI. This cardioprotection appears independent of the ischemic muscle mass involved (one leg vs. two legs). These data provide promising insights into combined interventions for mitigating cardiac ER stress and injury following MI. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate detailed mechanistic pathways underlying MI-induced ER stress. Article Message Ischemic preconditioning of the limb—whether unilateral or bilateral—may augment the efficacy of aerobic exercise in modulating cardiac ER stress in the context of myocardial infarction. Remote ischemic preconditioning holds potential as an adjunctive therapeutic approach to improve cardiac function and health. Nonetheless, further studies are required to validate and extend these findings. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Medical Sciences Faculty at Sari Islamic Azad University (Ethics Code: IR.IAU.SARI.REC.1403.299). All experimental procedures complied with institutional ethical guidelines.<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> Authors’ Contributions Conceptualization: Amin Farzaneh Hesari Data Collection: Atefeh Ghorbanipor Data Analysis: Parvin Farzanegi, Abdolreza Jafari Manuscript Writing: Atefeh Ghorbanipor, Parvin Farzanegi Review and Editing: Amin Farzaneh Hesari Responsible for Funding: Atefeh Ghorbanipor Literature Review: Atefeh Ghorbanipor Project Management: Amin Farzaneh Hesari Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments AcknowledgmentsThis article is derived from the Professional Doctoral thesis in Exercise Physiology at Sari Islamic Azad University. The authors warmly thank all those who contributed to the successful completion of this research. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">هدف: استرس شبکه آندوپلاسمی قلب از طریق پروتئین‌های نادرست تاشده نقش مهمی در بیماری‌های قلبی عروقی بازی می‌کند. تمرین ورزشی ممکن است استراتژی مناسبی در تثبیت هموستاز شبکه آندوپلاسمی باشد. از طرفی، پیش‌آماده‌سازی ایسکمی اثر محافظتی در مقابل آسیب قلب دارد؛ با این حال، اثر آن به همراه تمرین مشخص نیست. هدف مطالعه‌ حاضر، بررسی اثر تمرین هوازی و پیش‌آمادهسازی ایسکمی بر بیان ژن‌های PERK و ATF6 قلب موش‌های صحرایی مدل سکته قلبی بود. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه تجربی، 35 موش صحرایی ویستار به‌صورت تصادفی به هفت گروه سالم، سکته، سکته ایسکمی یک‌ پا، سکته ایسکمی دو پا، سکته تمرین هوازی، سکته تمرین+ایسکمی یک پا، سکته تمرین+ایسکمی دو پا تقسیم شدند. سکته قلبی با تزریق ایزوپروترنول (mg/kg.day 100) در دو دوز القا شد. پیش‌آمادهسازی ایسکمی شامل سه دور پنج دقیقهای ایسکمی و پنج دقیقه جریان مجدد متعاقب بود. تمرین هوازی به مدت هشت هفته و پنج روز در هفته انجام شد که شامل دویدن روی نوار گردان با سرعت 10 متر در دقیقه و مدت 15 دقیقه در هفته‌های اول و دوم بود که در هفته‌های هفتم و هشتم به سرعت 25 متر در دقیقه و مدت 30 دقیقه رسید. بیان ژن‌های PERK و ATF6 قلب با روش real-time PCR اندازه‌گیری شد. از روش آماری واریانس یک‌طرفه و آزمون تعقیبی توکی در سطح معنا‌داری 05/0 استفاده شد. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد، بیان ژن‌های PERK و ATF6 افزایش معنا‌داری در گروه سکته نسبت به گروه سالم داشت. PERK و ATF6 کاهش معنا‌داری در ایسکمی یک پا (0.0001 P=،0.032 P=)، ایسکمی دو پا (0/003P=،0.004P=)، تمرین (0.0001P=،0.0001P=)، تمرین+ایسکمی یک پا (0.0001P=،0.0001P=) و تمرین+ایسکمی دو پا (0.0001P=،0.0001P=) در مقایسه با گروه سکته داشت. <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">نتیجه گیری: <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">تمرین هوازی، پیش‌آمادهسازی ایسکمی در یک پا و دو پا منجر به بهبود استرس شبکه آندوپلاسمی قلب موش‌های صحرایی مدل سکته قلبی می‌شود؛ با این حال، تمرین هوازی به همراه پیش‌آمادهسازی ایسکمی اثر بیشتری بر بهبود استرس شبکه آندوپلاسمی بافت قلب دارد.

https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4693_1feb4cdda5aafe2a48cbe27544cd8e4b.pdf

پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی (وزارت علوم ، تحقیقات و فناوری) فیزیولوژی ورزشی 2322-164X 17 66 2025 06 22 The Effect of Eight Weeks of Aerobic Exercise Training on Insulin Resistance, Lipid Profile and Oncostatin M in Overweight and Obese Women تأثیر هشت هفته تمرین ورزشی ایروبیک بر مقاومت به انسولین، نیمرخ لیپیدی و انکوستاتین M در زنان دارای اضافه‌وزن و چاق 69 50 4796 10.22089/spj.2025.17976.2368 FA شبنم اکبرزاده دانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. 0000-0003-1464-8564 رامین امیرساسان استاد گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت‌بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران 0000-0002-0329-6973 جواد وکیلی دانشیار گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران 0000-0002-7100-8961 Journal Article 2025 04 28 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Extended Abstract <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Background and Purpose Obesity is a complex, preventable, and multifactorial disorder associated with numerous chronic diseases. Insulin resistance and dyslipidemia are common metabolic abnormalities in overweight individuals and may lead to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications. Recently, oncostatin M (OSM), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has been implicated in adipose tissue dysfunction, particularly by suppressing the browning of white adipose tissue and impairing brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Elevated oncostatin M (OSM) in obesity has been linked to insulin resistance, lipid abnormalities, and chronic inflammation. Aerobic exercise exerts beneficial effects on energy expenditure, inflammatory responses, and metabolic homeostasis. This study aimed to examine the effect of an eight-week aerobic exercise training program on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and serum oncostatin M (OSM) levels in overweight and obese women. Understanding these interactions provides insight into the therapeutic potential of aerobic exercise training in modulating obesity-related inflammatory and metabolic disturbances. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Materials and Methods This quasi-experimental study used a pre-test/post-test design with 25 non-athlete overweight and obese women (BMI ≥28 kg/m²) aged 30–45 years from Marand, Iran. Participants were randomly assigned to an aerobic exercise training group (n=12) or a control group (n=13). Eligibility criteria included absence of chronic disease, no recent structured exercise or supplement/drug use, and not being menopausal. Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Tabriz Ethics Committee. The intervention included an eight-week aerobic exercise training protocol, preceded by a two-week preparatory phase. Sessions were held three times per week, with intensity maintained between 60–70% heart rate reserve (HRR), monitored using a Polar heart rate monitor and Borg’s RPE scale. Each session comprised rhythmic aerobic movements (32-count blocks) with progressive complexity and duration. Fasting venous blood samples were collected before and 48 hours after the final session training to measure glucose, insulin, lipid profile (TG, TC, LDL, HDL, VLDL), and oncostatin M (OSM) (pg/ml). Body composition (weight, BMI, WHR, body fat percentage) and cardiovascular endurance (estimated VO₂max via Rockport test) were assessed pre- and post-intervention. HOMA-IR was calculated to determine insulin resistance. Biochemical analyses used standard kits and ELISA (PARS Azmoon, USA). Data analysis employed paired and independent t-tests in SPSS v27, with significance set at p<0.05. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Results Aerobic exercise training resulted in significant improvements across multiple anthropometric, metabolic, and lipid profile parameters. Participants in the training group experienced a significant reduction in body weight (p<0.001) following the intervention. Similarly, body mass index (BMI) decreased markedly in this group (p<0.001). Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) also showed a significant decline post-training (p=0.001), and the percentage of body fat was reduced significantly (p<0.001). In contrast, the control group did not demonstrate any significant changes in these anthropometric measures over the same period. Regarding lipid profile, the training group exhibited notable improvements. Triglyceride levels (TG) decreased significantly after the intervention (p=0.007), while total cholesterol (TC) showed a marked reduction (p<0.001). Levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) also decreased significantly (p=0.001), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels were reduced (p=0.007). Conversely, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) increased significantly following the training program (p=0.001). No significant alterations in lipid profile were observed in the control group. In addition, aerobic exercise training had a pronounced effect on glycemic and insulin-related parameters. Fasting blood glucose levels decreased significantly in the training group (p<0.001). Similarly, fasting insulin concentrations were significantly reduced (p<0.001), and insulin resistance, as assessed by HOMA-IR, also showed a significant improvement (p<0.001). These metabolic benefits were not observed in the control group, highlighting the effectiveness of aerobic exercise training in improving both anthropometric and metabolic health markers. Again, the control group did not exhibit significant alterations in these markers. Most notably, serum levels of oncostatin M (OSM) significantly decreased in the aerobic training group (p<0.001), while control group levels remained statistically unchanged. Between-group comparisons confirmed significant differences in the change scores for all measured variables (p<0.05), except WHR. These findings support the role of aerobic exercise training in modulating systemic inflammation and metabolic dysfunctions associated with obesity. The concurrent reduction in oncostatin M (OSM) and insulin resistance may suggest a mechanistic link between inflammatory cytokine regulation and metabolic improvement. As oncostatin M (OSM) impairs thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue and promotes energy imbalance, its reduction through exercise may reflect enhanced adipose tissue function and systemic energy regulation. The body composition and lipid profile improvements are consistent with prior research and reinforce the efficacy of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training as a feasible intervention. Given the low-cost and accessible nature of this intervention, these results are especially relevant for public health strategies targeting overweight and obese female populations. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Conclusion This study demonstrated that eight weeks of structured aerobic exercise training significantly improved body composition, lipid profile, and insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese women. Importantly, these metabolic benefits were accompanied by a significant decrease in circulating oncostatin M (OSM) levels, suggesting a potential anti-inflammatory and adipose-tissue remodeling effect of aerobic exercise training. Given the established role of oncostatin M (OSM) in suppressing browning of white adipose tissue and promoting insulin resistance, the reduction in oncostatin M (OSM) following aerobic exercise training may partially mediate the observed health benefits. These findings offer a novel insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of exercise in obesity management. Further studies are warranted to explore the long-term effects and to confirm causal pathways. However, aerobic exercise emerges as a practical and effective non-pharmacological strategy to target inflammatory markers such as oncostatin M (OSM) and to combat obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions in women. Article Message This study highlights the critical role of aerobic exercise training in modulating inflammatory and metabolic pathways in overweight and obese women. Specifically, it demonstrates that regular aerobic exercise training not only improves body composition and lipid profile but also significantly reduces serum levels of oncostatin M (OSM), a pro-inflammatory cytokine linked to insulin resistance. These findings provide a novel perspective on how structured physical activity can serve as an accessible, cost-effective, and non-pharmacological intervention for managing obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions. The observed reduction in oncostatin M (OSM) levels introduces a new avenue for understanding the molecular benefits of aerobic exercise training in obesity control. Ethical Considerations This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and in full compliance with ethical considerations related to human research. Before the start of the study, all participants were informed of the objectives, methods, benefits, and potential risks of the study, and written informed consent was obtained from them. Participation in the study was voluntary, and participants were allowed to withdraw at any stage of the study without any negative consequences. The information collected from the subjects was confidential and used solely for research purposes. Also, this research was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tabriz before implementation and has an ethics code number <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">IR.TABRIZU.REC.1400.025 and a license from the Clinical Trials Registration Center with code <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">IRCT20210810052133N1. Authors’ Contributions Conceptualization: <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Ramin Amirsasan Data Collection: <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Shabnam Akbarzadeh Data Analysis: <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Shabnam Akbarzadeh, & Javad Vakili Manuscript Writing: <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Ramin Amirsasan & Javad Vakili & Shabnam Akbarzadeh Review and Editing: <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Ramin Amirsasan Responsible for Funding: <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Ramin Amirsasan Literature Review: <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Shabnam Akbarzadeh Project Manager: <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Ramin Amirsasan Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We extend our gratitude to all individuals who supported and facilitated this study. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">هدف: هدف قرار دادن تغییر بافت چربی سفید (WAT)استراتژی مؤثری برای مبارزه با چاقی است. با توجه به نقش انکوستاتین M به‌عنوان یک سایتوکاین پیش‌التهابی مرتبط با چاقی و اثرات منفی آن بر فرایندهای متابولیک ازجمله قهوه‌ای شدن WAT، در این مطالعه به تعیین تأثیر هشت هفته تمرین ایروبیک بر نیمرخ لیپیدی، مقاومت به انسولین و سطوح سرمی OSM در زنان اضافه‌وزن و چاق پرداخته شد. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">مواد و روش ها: روش پژوهش، نیمه‌تجربی با طرح پیش‌آزمون- پس‌آزمون بود که در آن 25 زن اضافه‌وزن و چاق به طور تصادفی به دو گروه کنترل (تعداد=13) و ایروبیک (تعداد=12) تقسیم شدند. دوره آماده‌سازی (دو هفته) و تمرین ایروبیک (هشت هفته) انجام شد. نمونه خون در دو مرحله قبل و 48 ساعت بعد از آخرین جلسه تمرین گرفته شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون‌های t مستقل و t وابسته در سـطح معنـاداری 0.05 تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد، تمرین ایروبیک به کاهش معنا‌دار مقادیر سرمی OSM (0.001>P)، وزن (0.001>P)، BMI (001/0>P)، درصد چربی بدن (0.001>P)، تری‌گلیسرید (0.007=P)، کلسترول تام (0.001>P)، LDL (0.001=P)، مقاومت به انسولین (0.001>P) و افزایش معنادار HDL (0.001=P) منجر شد. <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">نتیجه گیری: <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">براساس یافته‌ها، هم‌زمان با کاهش سطح سرمی OSM، بهبودهایی در ترکیب بدن، نیمرخ لیپیدی و مقاومت به انسولین در زنان اضافه‌وزن و چاق مشاهده شد. این هم‌زمانی می‌تواند نقش احتمالی OSM را در فرایندهای متابولیک مرتبط با چاقی برجسته کند؛ هرچند برای اثبات رابطه علیتی، به انجام مطالعات مداخله‌ای و مولکولی بیشتری نیاز است.

https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4796_c96ebeee051996333b6d70b2da6191b0.pdf

پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی (وزارت علوم ، تحقیقات و فناوری) فیزیولوژی ورزشی 2322-164X 17 66 2025 06 22 Effect of exercise on hepatic amyloid β levels and serum LRP1 levels in animal models of Alzheimer's disease: The role of complex activity تأثیر فعالیت ورزشی بر سطوح آمیلوئید بتای کبدی و سطوح سرمی LRP1 در مدل‌های حیوانی آلزایمر: نقش فعالیت شناختی حرکتی 86 70 4810 10.22089/spj.2025.18408.2393 FA محسن سلامت تومتری گروه علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران 0000-0001-7252-2842 وحید طالبی گروه علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه مراغه، مراغه، ایران 0000-0001-5652-9358 محمد نصری گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران. 0009-0009-9894-3720 Journal Article 2025 08 22 Extended Abstract Background and Purpose <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of incurable dementia in the elderly, accounting for approximately 60–80% of cases. Impaired clearance of amyloid beta (Aβ) and its accumulation in the brain and other tissues, such as the liver, may be a key factor in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. There are several pathways for Aβ to exit the brain into the environment, among which the transport across the blood–brain barrier via low-density LRP1 is of particular importance. Previous studies have shown that physical activity, especially complex motor exercises, has significant positive effects on cognitive function and reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease. This study was designed to enhance cognitive function by increasing motor and environmental challenges and to investigate the effect of exercise on hepatic amyloid-beta levels and serum LRP1 levels in animal models of Alzheimer's disease, considering the role : The role of cognitive motor activity. Materials and Methods <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats (4–6 weeks old) were randomly divided into 4 groups after adaptation to standard conditions (temperature 24°C, humidity 55%, light cycle 12:12 h). 1- healthy control (no intervention), 2- Alzheimer's disease control (disease induction without exercise), 3- healthy complex exercise (exercise without disease), and 4- Alzheimer's disease complex exercise (disease + exercise). The Alzheimer's disease model was induced by intraventricular injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 3 mg/kg in 5 μl distilled water) under anesthesia (ketamine 60 mg/kg + xylazine 8 mg/kg) and its validity was confirmed by the transport box test (significant reduction in time spent in the dark room; p ≤ 0.001). The exercise groups had unlimited access to a complex running wheel equipped with 22 irregular bars (changing the arrangement every 2 weeks to prevent adaptation) for 8 weeks, and daily distance was recorded with a pedometer (mean: 324-400 m/day). After the end of the period, the animals were deeply anesthetized (ketamine 50 mg/kg + xylazine 5 mg/kg) and blood serum (from the heart) and liver tissue samples were collected. The levels of hepatic beta amyloid (Aβ40) and soluble LRP1 protein (sLRP1) in serum were measured using proprietary ELISA kits from Zelbio and Antibodies Co, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 software and Shapiro-Wilk tests (normality test), Levine (homogeneity of variance), one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test (comparison of group means) and ANCOVA (weight changes with control for pre-test effect) (significance level p ≤ 0.05). Results <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The findings of this study showed that the time spent in the dark compartment of the shuttle box test was significantly lower in the Alzheimer's group compared to the healthy group (p=0.001), which confirms the validity of disease induction in the patient groups in the study. The results of this study also showed that the level of amyloid beta in the complex exercise group (Wheel-C) was significantly reduced compared to the healthy control and Alzheimer's control groups. These results showed a significant difference between the groups in a one-way analysis of variance to compare the level of amyloid beta among the study groups (F=33.089, p=0.001). Tukey's post hoc analysis also showed that the level of amyloid beta in the Wheel-Control group was significantly different from the control, Alzheimer's, and Wheel-Alzheimer's groups (p=0.001). The Wheel-Alzheimer group also showed a significant difference compared to the Alzheimer's group. However, this difference was not significant compared to the healthy control group. Overall, this study showed that running on a rotating wheel with irregular patterns significantly reduced amyloid beta levels in the brain and liver in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Analysis of sLRP levels using one-way ANOVA also showed a significant difference between groups (F = 17.103, p = 0.001). Tukey's post hoc analysis also showed that sLRP levels in the Alzheimer's group were significantly different from those in the healthy control, wheel control, and Alzheimer's wheel groups (p = 0.001) and that there was also a significant difference between the wheel control and Alzheimer's wheel groups (p = 0.041). The results of the paired t-test showed a significant increase in the subjects' weight in the post-test compared to the pre-test (p=0.001), and the results of ANCOVA also showed a significant difference in weight between the research groups. Conclusion The results of this study showed that the effects of exercise training are likely directly related to the activation of neurotrophic pathways, increased synaptic plasticity, improved mitochondrial function, and enhanced Aβ clearance mechanisms, particularly through the LRP1 receptor pathway in the liver and blood-brain barrier. Therefore, running on a rotating wheel with irregular patterns, by simultaneously engaging cognitive and motor systems, acts as an effective intervention that affects the brain-liver axis in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease and slows the progression of the disease. Among the limitations of this study are the use of an animal model (rats) and a specific type of exercise (running on a complex wheel), which may limit the generalizability of the findings to humans. In addition, only a limited number of pathways related to Aβ clearance and cognitive function were investigated. It is recommended that future studies investigate the long-term effects of complex exercise, gender differences, more detailed assessment of Aβ-degrading enzymes, other neurobiological pathways such as tau protein phosphorylation or changes in neurogenesis, and the use of human or cellular models to increase the external validity of the results. Article Message Cognitive motor activity (such as running on a rotating wheel with an irregular bar pattern) by simultaneously stimulating both motor and cognitive systems significantly reduces Aβ levels in the brain and liver of animal models of Alzheimer's disease and increases serum levels of the Aβ clearance protein (sLRP1). These changes facilitate peripheral and central clearance of Aβ by enhancing neurotrophic pathways, improving mitochondrial function, and activating the LRP1 receptor in the liver and blood-brain barrier. The results suggest that complex exercise has therapeutic potential to slow the pathological process of Alzheimer's disease by modulating brain-liver interactions. Ethical Considerations All animal protocols were conducted in accordance with ethical principles, with minimal animal suffering.<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> Authors’ Contributions <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Conceptualization: (V.T, M.S) <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Data Collection: (V.T, M.N) <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Data Analysis: (V.T, M.N) <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Manuscript Writing: (M.S, V.T, M.N) <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Review and Editing: (V.T, M.N) Responsible for funding:<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> (V.T, M.S) Literature Review:<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> (V.T, M.S) Project Manager:<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> (V.T) Conflict of Interest <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The authors of this study have no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all those who paved the way for this research. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">هدف: تجمع آمیلوئید بتا (Aβ) و اختلال در پاک‌سازی آن از مغز از ویژگی‌های بارز بیماری آلزایمر است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تأثیر تمرینات فعالیت شناختی حرکتی بر سطوح Aβ کبدی و سطوح سرمی LRP1 در مدل‌های حیوانی آلزایمر انجام شد. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه تجربی، 40 موش صحرایی نر ویستار به‌صورت تصادفی به چهار گروه شامل کنترل-سالم (Control)، کنترل-آلزایمر (ALZ)، تمرین پیچیده-سالم (Wheel-C)، تمرین پیچیده-آلزایمر (Wheel-ALZ) تقسیم شدند و مدل آلزایمر از طریق تزریق استرپتوزوتوسین به بطن مغز القا شد. گروه‌های تمرینی به چرخ‌های دوار الگوی پیچیده حرکتی دسترسی داشتند. پس از پایان دوره، سطوح آمیلوئید بتا کبدی و sLRP سرمی با روش الایزا سنجش شد. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد تزریق STZ به‌طور مؤثر باعث القای علائم شبه آلزایمر شد. سطوح آمیلوئید بتا در گروه تمرین پیچیده به‌طور معناداری کمتر و سطوح sLRP بیشتر از سایر گروه‌ها بود (0.001=P). همچنین تمرین پیچیده در گروه آلزایمری باعث کاهش آمیلوئید بتا نسبت به گروه بدون تمرین شد (0.001=P). تفاوت معنی‌دار وزن بین گروه‌ها نیز مشاهده شد (0.001=P). نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که تمرین پیچیده با تحریک هم‌زمان فرآیندهای شناختی و حرکتی، موجب کاهش معنی‌دار سطوح آمیلوئید β در مغز و کبد و افزایش سطح سرمی sLRP در مدل‌های حیوانی آلزایمر شد. <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">نتیجه گیری: <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">این تغییرات احتمالاً از طریق فعال‌سازی مسیرهای نوروتروفیک، بهبود عملکرد میتوکندری، و تقویت مکانیسم‌های پاک‌سازی محیطی و مرکزی Aβ به‌ویژه از طریق LRP1 حاصل شده‌اند. این یافته‌ها نقش کلیدی تعامل کبد و مغز در پاتوژنز آلزایمر را برجسته کرده و بر پتانسیل درمانی ورزش پیچیده در تعدیل روند بیماری تأکید می‌کنند.

https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4810_b112ca4087d668785e947a57493d1740.pdf

پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی (وزارت علوم ، تحقیقات و فناوری) فیزیولوژی ورزشی 2322-164X 17 66 2025 06 22 Effects of Different Doses of Caffeine, Citrulline-Malate and Post-Activity Potentiation on Lower Limb Power of Female Kick Boxers تأثیر دوزهای مختلف کافئین، سیترولین مالات و تقویت پس‌فعالی بر ارتفاع پرش، توان بی‌هوازی و توان هوازی زنان کیک‌بوکسینگ‌کار 103 87 4726 10.22089/spj.2025.17995.2371 FA شکوفه امامقلی دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد فیزیولوژی ورزشی، گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه رجا، قزوین، ایران 0009-0007-5376-9728 سید مرتضی حسینی دکتری، فیزیولوژی ورزشی، گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه رجا، قزوین، ایران 0009-0006-0024-2052 زهره اسکندری استادیار، فیزیولوژی ورزشی، گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه رجا، قزوین، ایران 0000-0002-5795-7247 Journal Article 2025 05 28 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Extended Abstract <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Background and Purpose <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of different doses of caffeine, citrulline malate, and post-activation potentiation (PAP) on lower limb power, anaerobic capacity, and aerobic performance in female kickboxers. Caffeine is a well-known ergogenic aid that enhances performance by increasing calcium release in muscle fibers and reducing the perception of effort. Citrulline malate enhances blood flow and nutrient delivery via increased nitric oxide production. PAP, characterized by a prior muscle contraction enhancing subsequent explosive performance, has demonstrated efficacy in improving power output. However, the combined effects of these interventions, especially among female athletes, remain underexplored. This study aimed to address this gap by examining how these supplements—used alone or in combination with PAP—influence key performance metrics including vertical jump height, anaerobic power, and maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂max) in female kickboxers. The findings offer valuable insights for athletes and coaches pursuing optimized, evidence-based supplementation and training regimens. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Materials and Methods Seventy female kickboxers aged 15–25 years with at least two years of training experience were randomly assigned to one of seven groups: control (Con), caffeine 4 mg/kg (Caf4), caffeine 5 mg/kg (Caf5), caffeine 4 mg/kg plus citrulline malate (Caf4+CitMal), caffeine 5 mg/kg plus citrulline malate (Caf5+CitMal), caffeine 4 mg/kg plus citrulline malate and PAP (Caf4+CitMal+PAP), and caffeine 5 mg/kg plus citrulline malate and PAP (Caf5+CitMal+PAP). Participants abstained from caffeine, citrulline, and other supplements 24 hours before testing.After a standardized warm-up, participants received their assigned supplementation. PAP was induced 10 minutes prior to performance testing, using plyometric exercises such as squat jumps. Explosive power was assessed via maximal vertical jump height. Anaerobic power was calculated from six 35-m sprints performed with 10-second rest intervals. Aerobic capacity was assessed by an incremental shuttle run between two 20-m lines, continued until volitional exhaustion. VO₂max was estimated using the formula described by Matusiński et al. (2021).Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc tests. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences (IR.QUMS.REC.1403.033). All participants gave written informed consent. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Results Significant improvements in performance were noted in several groups. The combination group receiving caffeine 5 mg/kg with citrulline malate and PAP (Caf5+CitMal+PAP) exhibited the most substantial gains: a 12% increase in vertical jump height and a 15% improvement in anaerobic power compared to controls (p < 0.05). By contrast, caffeine at 4 mg/kg alone (Caf4) showed no significant performance benefit, indicating a dose-dependent effect. Regarding aerobic performance, caffeine combined with citrulline malate (Caf4+CitMal and Caf5+CitMal) significantly enhanced VO₂max, with the higher dose (Caf5+CitMal) producing a 10% increase compared to controls (p < 0.05). The addition of PAP did not further enhance VO₂max, suggesting PAP's effects are likely confined to short-duration explosive movements.The Caf4+CitMal+PAP group showed significant, but less pronounced, improvements in vertical jump height (+8%) and anaerobic power (+10%) than the Caf5+CitMal+PAP group (p < 0.05). Control and Caf4 groups did not demonstrate significant changes in any performance metric.These ergogenic effects may be mechanistically explained by caffeine’s capacity to augment calcium release and reduce central fatigue, while citrulline malate facilitates nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation and nutrient delivery, attenuating muscle fatigue and damage. PAP’s enhancement of neuromuscular efficiency appears to synergize with these effects selectively in explosive activities. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Conclusion <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; font-weight: normal;">This study demonstrates that combining caffeine at 5 mg/kg with citrulline malate supplementation and PAP markedly improves lower limb power, anaerobic capacity, and aerobic performance in female kickboxers. Caffeine at the lower dose of 4 mg/kg does not confer significant benefits. Further, PAP predominantly enhances explosive and anaerobic performance rather than aerobic capacity.Practically, these findings highlight the importance of appropriate dosing and combination strategies when using supplements and conditioning protocols to boost athletic performance. Coaches and athletes should consider integrating higher caffeine doses alongside citrulline malate and PAP to maximize explosive power gains.Future research should explore longer-term supplementation effects, dose-responses across different populations, and whether similar synergistic effects appear in other sports disciplines. Article Message This investigation reveals that caffeine, citrulline malate, and PAP interact synergistically to enhance athletic performance. Optimal ergogenic benefits occur with caffeine administered at 5 mg/kg, especially when combined with citrulline malate and PAP. Athletes and coaches can leverage these insights to design evidence-based supplementation and training programs. The findings underscore the necessity of tailoring caffeine dosing for maximal efficacy. Ethical Considerations The study adhered to the ethical protocols of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences (<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">IR.QUMS.REC.1403.033). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, with confidentiality and safety ensured throughout.<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> Authors’ Contributions <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">All authors contributed equally to study conception, data analysis, interpretation, and manuscript drafting. Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments The authors thank all participants for their cooperation and the staff at Raja University for their invaluable support. Special thanks to the Ethics Committee of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences for their oversight and guidance. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">هدف: در این پژوهش به بررسی تأثیرات حاد دوزهای مختلف کافئین، سیترولین مالات و تقویت پس‌فعالی (PAP) بر توان اندام تحتانی، ظرفیت بی‌هوازی و عملکرد هوازی در زنان کیک‌بوکسینگ‌کار پرداخته شد. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">مواد و روش ها: هفتاد شرکت‌کننده به‌ صورت تصادفی در هفت گروه قرار گرفتند: کنترل (Con)، کافئین 4 میلی‌گرم/کیلوگرم (Caf4)، کافئین 5 میلی‌گرم/کیلوگرم (Caf5)، کافئین 4 میلی‌گرم/کیلوگرم+سیترولین مالات (Caf4+CitMal)، کافئین 5 میلی‌گرم/کیلوگرم+سیترولین مالات (Caf5+CitMal)، کافئین 4 میلی‌گرم/کیلوگرم+سیترولین مالات+PAP (Caf4+CitMal+PAP) و کافئین 5 میلی‌گرم/کیلوگرم+سیترولین مالات+PAP (Caf5+CitMal+PAP). یک ساعت قبل از اجرای آزمون مکمل‌ها استفاده شدند. تمام مکمل‌ها (شامل دارونما و گروه‌های مداخله) از نظر ویژگی‌های حسی (رنگ، طعم و بو) یکسان بودند. پس از ۵۰ دقیقه از مصرف مکمل، آزمودنی‌ها به مدت ۱۰ دقیقه گرم کردن انجام دادند. به‌منظور بررسی عملکرد ورزشی از آزمون‌های عملکردی شامل آزمون پرش سارجنت (برای اندازه‌گیری ارتفاع پرش عمودی)، آزمون دویدن بی‌هوازی (RAST) (به‌منظور سنجش توان بی‌هوازی) و آزمون شاتل ران 20 متری (برای تخمین حداکثر اکسیژن مصرفی (maxVO2) استفاده شد. PAP از طریق تمرینات پلایومتریک پنج دقیقه قبل از آزمون‌ها اعمال شد. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد، ترکیب کافئین 5 میلی‌گرم/کیلوگرم با سیترولین مالات و PAP (Caf5+CitMal+PAP) منجر به بهبود معنادار در ارتفاع پرش عمودی (12 درصد) و توان بی‌هوازی (15 درصد) در مقایسه با گروه کنترل شد (0.05P<). درمقابل، مصرف کافئین 4 میلی‌گرم/کیلوگرم به‌تنهایی (Caf4) بهبود معناداری را ایجاد نکرد. درباره عملکرد هوازی، ترکیب کافئین و سیترولین مالات (Caf4+CitMal و Caf5+CitMal) افزایش معناداری را در VO2max ایجاد کرد؛ به ‌طوری ‌که گروه Caf5+CitMal بهبود 10 درصد در مقایسه با گروه کنترل نشان داد (0.05P<)؛ با این‌ حال، افزودن PAP تأثیر بیشتری بر عملکرد هوازی نداشت. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">نتیجه گیری: این یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که دوزهای بالاتر کافئین (5 میلی‌گرم/کیلوگرم) در ترکیب با سیترولین مالات و PAP، به ‌طور خاص بر بهبود توان انفجاری و ظرفیت بی‌هوازی در زنان کیک‌بوکسینگ‌کار مؤثر است.<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">

https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4726_f9ff6540c092abd6a77908c034710a04.pdf

پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی (وزارت علوم ، تحقیقات و فناوری) فیزیولوژی ورزشی 2322-164X 17 66 2025 06 22 The Effect of High-Intensity Exercise Snacks on Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review تأثیر تمرین به شیوه فعالیت‌های ورزشی میان‌وعده‌ای شدید بر آمادگی قلبی-تنفسی: یک مرور نظام‌مند 129 104 4728 10.22089/spj.2025.18276.2384 FA خلیل اله مُنیخ گروه آموزش تربیت‌بدنی، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-4494-2361 رئوف نگارش گروه آموزش تربیت‌بدنی، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-4902-5781 Journal Article 2025 07 24 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Extended Abstract <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Background and Purpose Lack of time and limited access to exercise facilities are among the most significant barriers preventing adherence to recommended physical activity guidelines. This challenge is particularly prevalent among working adults and individuals with demanding schedules, resulting in increased sedentary behavior and its associated health consequences. Although time-efficient strategies like high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) require less time than traditional continuous training, they often still necessitate dedicated time slots and specific equipment, which can limit their feasibility for some populations.In recent years, the concept of exercise snacks has emerged as an innovative and practical approach to overcoming these barriers. Exercise snacks refer to very brief (typically less than one minute) bouts of vigorous physical activity performed intermittently throughout the day, which can be easily integrated into daily routines by reducing overall time commitment. Given the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as a key predictor of health outcomes, this study aimed to systematically review the impact of high-intensity exercise snacks (particularly sprint-based exercise snacks) on CRF and provide guidance for designing effective exercise snack protocols that can be realistically implemented in the daily lives of insufficiently active individuals. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines, with the protocol registered in the PROSPERO database (Registration ID: CRD420251081118). A comprehensive search without time restrictions was performed up to June 2025 across multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Magiran, and SID, using relevant MeSH terms and keywords related to sprint exercise snacks and cardiorespiratory fitness. The search strategy was developed in both Persian and English, employing Boolean operators, and conducted independently by two researchers.Included studies focused on human interventions involving brief, dispersed bouts of vigorous exercise with outcomes assessing VO₂max or VO₂peak. Eligible designs encompassed randomized controlled trials (RCTs), experimental, and quasi-experimental studies; systematic reviews and conference abstracts were excluded. Titles and abstracts were independently screened by two researchers, with discrepancies resolved by consensus. Data extraction included sample characteristics, study design, intervention details, outcomes, and key findings. Corresponding authors were contacted as necessary for clarifications. Methodological quality was assessed via the PEDro scale, categorizing studies as poor, moderate, or excellent. Inter-rater reliability for quality assessment was high (ICC = 0.95). <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Results The initial search yielded 1,070 records. After removing duplicates and applying selection criteria, nine studies involving 232 participants were included. These comprised four RCTs, two quasi-experimental studies, one feasibility and proof-of-concept trial, one controlled cohort study, and one additional quasi-experimental study published between 2019 and 2025. Participants included insufficiently active adults and adolescents, inactive young men and women, and adults with overweight or obesity. Intervention durations ranged from 6 to 12 weeks.Exercise snack protocols generally involved brief bouts of stair climbing, Wingate sprints, or high-intensity whole-body exercises, performed three to four days per week throughout the day, at intensities rated above 5 on the Borg scale of perceived exertion. Eight of nine studies reported significant VO₂max or VO₂peak improvements ranging from 4% to 27%; one reported a nonsignificant 2.8% increase. Overall, sprint-based exercise snacks substantially improved CRF with minimal time commitment and high intensity across varied populations. Furthermore, improvements were comparable to or exceeded those from moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and traditional SIT.Methodological quality ranged from 2 to 7 points on the PEDro scale, with an average reflecting moderate to good quality (5.7 ± 1.6). Limitations were noted predominantly in blinding of participants and intervention administrators due to exercise trial constraints. Other criteria, including detailed outcome reporting and data retention rates exceeding 85%, were satisfactorily met. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Conclusion <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; font-weight: normal;">This systematic review demonstrates that sprint-based exercise snacks—comprising three to six very brief bouts (under one minute) per day over 6 to 8 weeks—serve as an effective and practical strategy to improve CRF in various insufficiently active populations. Their time efficiency positions exercise snacks as a promising approach for promoting general health and mitigating the deleterious effects of sedentary lifestyles. However, current research is limited by small samples, protocol heterogeneity, and relatively short intervention durations. Future studies with larger cohorts, longer follow-up, and more diverse populations are required to enhance generalizability. Standardization of exercise snack protocols and investigation into underlying molecular mechanisms and psychological outcomes are critical for establishing exercise snacks as a sustainable public health strategy. Article Message Sprint exercise snacks (high-intensity exercise snacks) offer a safe, feasible, and time-efficient means to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and support public health among insufficiently active individuals constrained by time. These short, vigorous bouts can be readily incorporated into workplace and educational settings, enhancing accessibility and scalability. Evidence indicates exercise intensity critically determines effectiveness. Recommendations include at least a Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion of 5, with a minimum of three daily bouts spaced 1 to 4 hours apart, executed on at least three days weekly. Implementing exercise snacks in this manner may provide a practical and sustainable solution to address physical inactivity and improve population health. Ethical Considerations This review adhered to ethical research guidelines by accurately and unbiasedly reporting previous study results. No funding was received from public, commercial, or nonprofit organizations.<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> Authors’ Contributions <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">All authors contributed to the design, implementation, and writing of this study. Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments The authors extend thanks to the Sports Sciences Research Institute of Iran and the Journal of Sport Physiology for enabling publication of this review. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">هدف: کمبود وقت و دسترسی محدود به امکانات ورزشی، از موانع رایج پیروی از دستورالعمل‌های توصیه‌شده درباره فعالیت بدنی منظم، به‌ویژه در بزرگسالان شاغل است. در سال‌های اخیر، «اسنک‌های فعالیت ورزشی» به‌عنوان رویکردی عملی و کوتاه‌مدت برای ارتقای سلامت عمومی مدنظر قرار گرفته‌اند. در مطالعه حاضر، این شیوه شامل انجام وهله‌های بسیار کوتاه (کمتر از یک دقیقه) و شدید فعالیت بدنی به صورت پراکنده در طول روز تعریف شد. با وجود رشد فزاینده مطالعات در این زمینه، هنوز شواهد نظام‌مند و یکپارچه‌ای درباره اثر آن‌ها بر آمادگی قلبی-تنفسی وجود ندارد؛ ازاین‌رو، این مطالعه با هدف پر کردن این خلأ و مرور نظام‌مند شواهد موجود طراحی شد. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">مواد و روش ها: این مرور نظام‌مند براساس دستورالعمل PRISMA 2020 و با ثبت پروتکل در سامانه PROSPERO (کد ثبت: CRD420251081118) انجام شد. جستجو در پایگاه‌های بین‌المللی پابمد، اسکاپوس، Web of Science، گوگل اسکولار و پایگاه‌های داخلی مگیران و جهاد دانشگاهی، بدون محدودیت زمانی تا ژوئن ۲۰۲۵ انجام شد. از 1070 مقاله شناسایی‌شده، ۹ مطالعه با مجموع ۲۳۲ شرکت‌کننده (18 تا 59 سال) واجد شرایط ورود بودند (ملاک‌های ورود براساس چارچوب PICOS تعریف شدند). غربالگری و ارزیابی کیفیت توسط دو پژوهشگر مستقل صورت پذیرفت. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">یافته ها: اجرای پروتکل‌های اسنک فعالیت ورزشی (سه تا شش وهله فعالیت شدید ۲۰ تا ۳۰ ثانیه‌ای، سه بار در هفته به مدت شش تا هشت هفته) باعث بهبود معنا‌دار VO₂max/VO₂peak(در بازه 4 درصد تا 27 درصد) در جمعیت‌های متنوع شد. همچنین این شیوه در مقایسه با تمرینات تداومی با شدت متوسط، عملکرد بهتری در ارتقای آمادگی قلبی-تنفسی داشت. <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">نتیجه گیری: <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که اجرای اسنک‌های فعالیت ورزشی با شدت بالا، در قالب چند وهله کوتاه و پراکنده در طول روز، رویکردی مؤثر، ساده و ادغام‌شدنی در زندگی روزمره برای بهبود آمادگی قلبی-تنفسی، به‌ویژه در افراد کم‌تحرک است؛ هرچند به انجام مطالعات گسترده‌تر و بلندمدت برای تأیید نتایج نیاز است.

https://spj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4728_71f07bf95f0113eefab12552181dd832.pdf