Sport Physiology فیزیولوژی ورزشی

The World Health Organization recommends wearing facemasks in public. Some have reported detrimental concern that these may affect the cardiovascular (CV) system during physical activity. The current study aims to evaluate the effect of two weeks of high-(HIIT) or moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) with respiratory masks on women's CV function. Thirty six healthy female volunteers were randomly divided into 6 groups (age; 25-45 years and BMI; 23 kg/m2) including: HIIT with N95 (HIIT-N95 mask), and surgical (HIIT-SUR mask) masks, MIIT with N95 (MIIT-N95 mask), and surgical (MIIT-SUR mask) masks, and HIIT (Nomask + HIIT) or MIIT (Nomask + MIIT) without masks groups. Three-weekly HIIT (2-4 bouts of 20-60 second intervals at 80-90% and or 60-70% of HRmax, interspersed by 4 min at 65% HRmax), MIIT (4 bouts of 4 min intervals at 55-75 HRmax, interspersed by 15-60 seconds between intervals) was performed for 2 weeks. Cardiovascular parameters were devalued by ECG and Oximeter pulse systems. A bout of the moderate and high intensity running on treadmill, while women wearing surgical and in particular, N95 face masks, causes significant transiently increase in HR, SBP, rate pressure product (RPP) and insignificant change in SPo2% at first and after two weeks of HIIT and MIIT, as compared to control group. Two weeks of HIIT led to greater improvement in exhaustion time and VO2max on treadmill and insignificant reduction in resting cardiovascular parameters, when compared to MIIT groups. In healthy women, wearing respiratory masks during exercise is safe, and associated with only temporary changes of cardiovascular parameters. Overall, performing two weeks of HIIT with respiratory masks improved performance, and wearing respiratory masks during exercise training was safe in healthy women and was associated with only transient changes in CV parameters.

Polyploid nuclei are formed as a result of a defective cell division cycle, which is strongly associated with the aging process and leads to an increase in the area of hepatocytes, i.e. cell inflammation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a period high-intensity interval training (HIIT) swimming with resveratrol (R) supplementation on the area of liver cells and polyploid nuclei in aged rats. In this study, 40 male Wistar aged rats (twenty-month-old, weight of 350-450 g) that the NOVEL test of whom was negative and had no motor disorder, were divided into five groups (control (C), HIIT training (HIT), supplement and HIIT training (HITR), supplement (R), Solvent (S). Rats in the (HIT) and (HITR) groups performed (HIIT) swimming for six weeks (three days a week) the initial load applied (in the first week) was 9% of body weight per rat and 1% was added every week. Also, eight young rats (three-month-old, weight of 150-180 g) was placed in a group(Y) for comparison. At the end of the protocol and after biopsy, 5 healthy tissues were obtained from each group. Variables were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) and, ImageJ software was used to calculate the area of hepatocyte and one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to compare the groups. After six weeks of HIIT swimming with and without resveratrol, there was a significant decrease between the mean levels of hepatocytes in the study groups, which was significant in the training group compared to the other groups. However, this change in polyploid nuclei was not significant (p ≤0.05). There was a significant difference between the mean area of hepatocytes in the research groups (P=0.0001) (Table 1). According to Figure 1, Tukey's test showed that this significant difference was in the mean area of hepatocytes between the control and exercise (P=0.0001), control and youth (P=0.0001), solvent and supplement (P=0.012), solvent and training (P=0.0001), solvent and youth (P=0.0001), supplement and training + supplement (P=0.0001), supplement and training (P=0.002), supplement and youth

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia. Despite the lack of definitive treatment for this disease, exercise and flavonoid use have been suggested as possible non-pharmacological approaches to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of four weeks of aerobic exercise with Naringenin supplementation on hippocampal adiponectin levels and memory impairment in rats with Alzheimer's disease, induced by Aβ1-42 injection. For this purpose, 32 eight-week-old male rats (weight 232±26 gr) were randomly divided into four groups: Alzheimer's disease (AD), AD + aerobic exercise group (ADET), AD + Naringenin supplementation group (AND), and AD + aerobic exercise + Naringenin supplementation group (ADETN). AD was induced by injection of Aβ1-42 into the hippocampus. 10 days after surgery, aerobic exercise interventions (five times a week for four weeks) and / or Naringenin supplementation (80 mg.kg-1.day-1) were started. Then, the animals were subjected to behavioral tests. 48 hours after last session of exercise training, animals were anesthetized and hippocampus were removed. Western Blotting analysis was used to measure Adiponectin protein levels. The results showed that learning and spatial memory performance in ADET, ADN and ADETN groups improved significantly compared to AD group (p < 0.001). Also hippocampal adiponectin levels in ADET, ADN and ADETN groups increased significantly compared to AD group (p < 0.001). In addition, rats in the ADETN group showed better spatial memory function and higher hippocampal adiponectin levels compared to the ADET and ADN groups (p < 0.05). In general, our data suggested that both aerobic exercise and Naringenin supplementation improved learning and spatial memory in rats with Alzheimer's disease, possibly by modulating hippocampal adiponectin levels. In addition, the combination of these factors had more effect on improving memory.

The purpose of this study was to construct the health-related physical fitness norms for women aged 18-60 in Alborz province. 255 women (Height, 159.0±5.0 cm; Weight, 71.3±10. 6 kg; BMI, 28.1±4.1 kg/m2) were systematically selected as subjects. Aerobic fitness was measured using the Rockport test, strength by using a handgrip dynamometer, body composition by using a caliper. Muscular endurance was measured using sit up and push up tests, and the sit and reach test was used to assess the flexibility. The physical fitness norms were obtained by calculating the percentile of data for each variable. The results showed that the mean value of different variables as follows: cardiovascular endurance 21.7 ml/kg/min, body fat percentage 34.5%, right hand-grip strength 21.3 kg, left hand-grip strength=20.2 kg, abdominal muscular endurance 7 curl-up, muscular endurance of shoulder girdle 1.7 push-ups. Comparing the norms with corresponding norms in other countries revealed the facts about the physical fitness of the 18-60 aged women of Alborz province which, the body composition isn't at a good status and the aerobic fitness is very weak. Moreover, the muscular endurance norms are significantly lower than that of other countries. Therefore, the lack of physical activity can be clearly observed among the young and middle-aged women in Alborz province and it is crucial to take appropriate action regarding this matter.

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate toxin used to control agricultural pests. These toxins cause oxidative stress and apoptosis in various tissues of the body, including the heart. SERCA2a and NKX2-5 are genes that regulate contractile function and heart growth. Previous studies have shown a positive effect of physical activity on the expression of these genes in heart failure, but so far, changes in these genes following the use of physical activity in chlorpyrifos poisoning have not been studied. The aim of the present study was to investigate the independent and interactive effect of aerobic exercise and eugenol supplementation on the expression of SERCA2a and NKX2-5 genes in the heart tissue of rats poisoned with chlorpyrifos. Thirty-six Wistar male rats were divided into six groups (six in each group) with the names healthy control, sham, poison control, aerobic exercise poison, eugenol poison, and toxic + aerobic exercise + eugenol. Aerobic training was performed on a rodent treadmill (five sessions per week, each session lasting 20 minutes at a speed of 26 meters per minute) for four weeks. Eugenol at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight was fed to the rats of the supplement groups (five days a week for four weeks using gavage). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test and P <0.05 was considered as a significant change. The results of the current study showed that poisoning significantly reduced the expression of SERCA2a and NKX2-5 genes in cardiac tissue. Exercise (no supplementation) increased the SERCA2a and NKX2-5 genes in the hearts of poisoned rats. Exercise-eugenol interaction did not cause a synergistic effect. Overall, in the present study, exercise seems to be a more important factor than eugenol in reducing the effect of chronic intoxication on the heart. Further studies with higher doses of eugenol supplementation are needed.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different models of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on risky decision-making in male team sports referees. Twenty-four Football, Futsal, Volleyball, Basketball and Handball referees aged 19-38 from level 3 to national level with 2-18 years of experience voluntarily took part in this study. After the familiarization session, in a double-blind, sham-controlled crossover design, each subject visited the laboratory on three different occasions separated by at least 72 hours in between and was exposed to Anodal, Cathodal, and Sham stimulation types over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC). Before and after each stimulation type, Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and Impulsivity (IMP) Go/No Go psychological tasks were performed. The difference between the mean values of the variables (Delta) at pre and post-intervention were calculated and used for statistical analyses. The results showed that delta IGT was significantly higher in Anodal and Cathodal stimulation compared to Sham stimulation (p=0.003, p=0.01, respectively). On the other hand, a significantly higher delta IMP was observed in Anodal and Sham stimulation in comparison with Cathodal stimulation (p=0.0001, p=0.002, respectively). As a novel finding, these results indicated the positive effects of Anodal stimulations via the right DLPFC in factors associated with risky decision-making in male sports referees. To conclude, these results pave the path for using tDCS as a possible strategy to boost risky decision-making in male sports referees. However, more research is needed to ascertain this conjecture.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on leptin to adiponectin (L/A) ratio and glycemic control indices in type 2 diabetic patients. Among men with type 2 diabetes, 24 person [mean age (48.7 ± 0.71 years) and BMI (30.7 ± 3.3 kg / m2)] randomly divided into two groups of aerobic exercise (n = 12) and control group (n = 12). The aerobic exercise program was performed as eight weeks of running, five sessions per week, for one hour with an intensity of 50 to 75% of the HRR. Leptin, adiponectin, L/A ratio, HbA1c, plasma glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and insulin sensitivity were measured in pretest and posttest. Analysis of covariance and Pearson correlation tests were used to analyze the data. The results of the intergroup test showed that plasma leptin levels and L/A ratio decreased and adiponectin levels increased significantly compared to the control group (P <0.05). Moreover, insulin, glucose, HbA1c and HOMA-IR levels in the aerobic exercise group decreased compared to the control group and the level of insulin sensitivity increased significantly compared to the control group (P <0.05). Despite these results, the correlation test indicated no significant relationship between L/A ratio with glycemic control indices (P> 0.05). The improvement in L/A appears to be due to the effect of aerobic exercise on changes in BMI and fat percentage; however, the improvement mechanism of glycemic control indices probably has other pathways than adipokines that need to be studied.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of water exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) on the growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels and bone mineral density (BMD) of elderly women. To do so, 30 non-athlete women (age: 60 to 70, weight 72.34 ± 2.5 kg and BMI: 28.8 ± 4.07) participated in the study voluntarily and were randomly divided into three groups of control, water exercise with BFR and water exercise without BFR. Both training groups performed aerobic exercises with water resistance (eight weeks, three days, one hour). Cuff pressure in the training group with BFR was 110 to 220 mm Hg. Blood samples were taken 24 hours before the first and after the last training session. Statistical test of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used for data analysis. Findings of the study indicated that two training groups had a significant increase in BMD, IGF-1 and T-score compared to the control group (p≤ 0.05). There was significant increase in the amount of GH only in the BFR group compared to the control group (P≤0.05). Moreover, the result showed significant increases in BMD, GH, IGF-1 and T-score in water exercise with BFR group compared to the water exercise without BFR group (p≤ 0.05). The results of the study indicated water exercise improved the effect

Due to the antioxidant effect of exercise and Urtica dioica (UD), the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of these interventions on changes in blood glucose and necrotic cells in the CA3 region of the type 1 diabetic rat hippocampus. In this study, 76 Wistar rats were divided into healthy (control, exercise, UD, UD-exercise) and diabetes (control, exercise, UD, UD-exercise) groups. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (45mg/kg) and 48 hours after injection, blood glucose levels above 300mg/dl were the criteria for confirmation of diabetes. After confirmation of diabetes, endurance exercise protocol with moderate-intensity (5days/week) and daily gavage of hydroalcoholic extract of UD was performed at 50 mg/kg for six weeks. 48 hours after the last session, the rats were sacrificed and the hippocampal tissue was extracted and fixed in 10% formalin for staining of crystal violet for necrotic cell count. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests using Bonferroni post hoc test at significance level α=0.05. Results showed that six weeks of endurance exercise and consumption of UD extract significantly reduced blood glucose concentration in the diabetic exercise (p=0.001), diabetes-UD (p=0.001), and diabetes-UD exercise (p=0.001) groups compared with the diabetes-control group. In addition, there was a significant difference between the diabetes-UD and diabetes-UD-exercise (p=0.001), and diabetes-exercise and diabetes-UD-exercise (p=0.002) groups. The interaction between endurance exercise and consumption of UD extract significantly decreased the number of necrotic cells in the diabetes-UD-exercise group compared to the diabetic control group (p=0.

Many studies have investigated the effect of exercise on diabetes-related factors. The main purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of continuous and Interval endurance training on glycemic factors in type 2 diabetic patients in a systematic and metaanalysis review of Iranian studies. In the present study, databases of Science Direct, Scopus, science of the Web, SID, Magiran, and Scholar with special keywords from 1380 to 1398 years was searched. After initial screening, the full text of the articles was evaluated and Inclusion criteria were articles that were analyzed. Two hundred thirty-one articles were reviewed and 25 articles met the criteria for systematic review and metaanalysis. Accordingly, 908 diabetic patients were divided into two groups of control and experimental groups, respectively: 494 and 414, in the experimental group (301 females, 189 males) and the control group (247 females, 136 males). The mean age of the subjects in the present study was 50 years. The results of the meta-analysis showed that both interval and continuous exercise improved glucose indexes. (p = 0.001% CI =-1.24-0.86, Z =-10) and insulin (p = 0.001; SE = 0.18, 95% CI =-1.62-0.917, Z =-7) and insulin resistance (p = 0.001; SE = 0.05, 95% CI =-0.34-0.13, Z =-4.52). There was a significant difference between continuous and interval exercise on glucose and insulin levels (p = 0.002 and p = 0.0001). But there was no difference in insulin resistance (p = 0.42). Continues and interval endurance training improves blood glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance levels. Interval training is more effective in improving glycemic index, although further studies and higher quality are still needed .

It is important to maintain the structure and function of the brain throughout life. The main important brain developmental processes occur during the critical periods, especially prepuberty. Thus, environmental interventions during this critical period can lead to significant and permanent changes in developing structures such as the hippocampus. Here, the current study investigated the effect of combined training and play in an enriched environment during prepuberty on the hippocampal structure in adult rats. For this purpose, in this longitudinal study, 27 male rats were divided into three groups of combined training, play in an enriched environment, and control. Interventions were performed for three weeks (28-48 postnatal days). Subsequently, all animals were kept in the standard cages without any intervention until adulthood (48-85 postnatal days). After this period, the animals were sacrificed and hippocampal tissues were removed. The Western blotting and Nissl staining methods were used to assess the brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the number of cells in the hippocampus, respectively. The results showed that BDNF levels (P<0.0001) and the number of cells in the hippocampus (P<0.05, P<0.001) increased significantly in the groups with training and play in enriched environment. According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that training interventions such as organized exercise and active play during sensitive developmental periods have strong and long-lasting effects on the hippocampal structure by increasing BDNF expression.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia and amyloid peptides play a prominent role in its pathogenesis. Recently, regular exercise has been considered as one of the most important non-pharmacological mechanisms in contrast with Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of four weeks' aerobic exercise on gene expression of Glial cell_drived neurotrophic factor and tumor necrosis factor in rat's hippocampus with Alzheimer's disease induced by Amyloid beta. 56 8weeks-old male rats with mean±SD weight of 190±20 g was randomly divided into four groups: training group. Amyloid beta + training group, Amyloid beta group and control group. Amyloid beta1-42injected into the hippocampus by Hamilton syringe. Seven days after surgery, rats of each groups were subjected to behavioral testing. Real-Time PCR were used for the measurement of gene expression of Glial cell_drived neurotrophic factor and TNF-α. There is a significant difference between the groups. GDNF Gene expression level in training group was higher and in the Amyloid beta-42 induction group was lower (P<0.001). There is a significant difference between the groups. TNF-α Gene expression level in training group was lower and in the Amyloid beta1-42 induction group was higher (P<0.001). Moreover, spatial learning and memory were significantly better in the exercise + Amyloid beta than Amyloid beta group (p<0.01). It seems that aerobic exercise can have significant role in improving spatial memory,

the aim of this study was to evaluate and investigate the physical fitness of men and women of Kermanshah city aged 18-60 years and to provide and develop the norm. The subjects were 200 men and 200 women at the age of 18-60 years in Kermanshah city that were selected based on the research standards. The variables of cardio-respiratory fitness, percentage of body fat, waist/hip ratio (WHR), flexibility, muscle strength of two hands, shoulder girdle endurance and abdominal muscle endurance were measured and registered based on the following, respectively: Rockport one-mile walking test, measurement of waist and hip with a tape measure, flexometer box, dynamometer, press-up and sit-up. Descriptive statistics and computation of Z scores and percentage points were used to analyze the data compilation of norm. The independent T-test was also used for comparing mean variables between men and women. The findings of this study in men and women showed that the mean of the age was 34.

Obesity, with upregulation of furin and downregulation of KLF-15, decreases the expression of the insulin-sensitizing agent, namely, CTRP-12. Exercise training plays an important role in controlling the signaling impairment of inflammation from obesity. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of 8-week resistance, endurance and concurrent training on serum CTRP-12, Furin, KLF-15 and insulin resistance in sedentary obese men. 40 inactive obese men (Age: 34.8 ± 3.58 years, height: 175.5 ± 4.62 cm, weight: 95.9 ± 4.88 Kg and BMI: 31.1 ± 1.05 Kg/m 2) were randomly divided into 4 groups, resistance training (3 sets with 10 repetitions and 30-70% 1RM), endurance training (15 to 45 minutes with the intensity of 50-70% of maximum heart rate), concurrent training (combination of resistance and endurance training), and control. Serum levels of CTRP-12, Furin and KLF-15 were measured using ELISA kits. Data were analyzed by t-test and ANOVA at the significance level (p≤ 0.05). KLF-15 values of endurance training groups (p= 0.006) and concurrent (p= 0.036) significantly increased. However, furin values in these two groups showed a significant decrease (p= 0.001 and p= 0.044, respectively). The values of CTRP-12 were only a significant increase in the concurrent training group (p= 0.023). Endurance (p= 0.009) and concurrent (p= 0.006) groups have significantly decreased in insulin resistance. In the intergroup analysis, aerobic training induces a significant change in KLF-15 (p = 3.090, P = 0.039) and furin (F = 3.297 and p = 0.031) compared to control group. It seems that the use of endurance training, and in particular concurrent training, has a better effect on lipid profiles, as well as the upregulation of new antiinflammatory adipokines such as KLF-15 and CTRP-12, and downregulation of inflammatory adipokine furin.

Neuronal nuclear (NeuN) proteins are one of the neuronal differentiation markers expressed in mature neurons. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of 20-day swimming training on NeuN protein and ganglion cell number in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in male Wistar rats. In this experimental study, 16 male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were prepared from the Pasteur laboratory, and the animals were randomly divided into two groups (control and experimental). The experimental group performed a swimming exercise program for 20 days (30 min/day equal 65% Vo2max), and 48 hours after the end of the last session, the experimental and control rats were anesthetized and sacrificed in an unconscious state. The DRG was isolated from the lower limb region. Cresyl violet assay and hemotoxylin-eosin staining were used to assess the ganglion population and NeuN protein to assess the ganglion population and NeuN protein, respectively. An independent t-student test was used to determine between-group differences. The results of this study showed that swimming exercises significantly increased NeuN protein (p<0.05). Additionally, the number of ganglion cells in the exercise group significantly increased (p<0.05). This study indicated for the first time that the swimming exercise caused an increase in the number of sensory neurons and induced their differentiation, leading to the development of mature sensory neurons in the DRG in the spinal cord.

There have been limited studies on the effect of the combination of aerobic exercise and alcohol consumption on regulators of antioxidant defense systems, especially erythroid nuclear factor 2 associated with factor 2 (Nrf2) in heart muscle.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise with ethanol consumption on Nrf2 gene expression in heart tissue and antioxidant parameters of plasma in male rats. A number of 32 rats with a weighing average of 230 ± 6 g were divided into four groups control, aerobic exercise, ethanol 20% at a dose of 4 g/kgbw, and ethanol+ aerobic exercise. At the end of the period, levels of Nrf2 gene expression and total capacity antioxidant and malondialdehyde were evaluated. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA at the significant level of p≤0.05.The results showed that aerobic exercise had a significant effect on Nrf2 gene expression (P=0.0068).The results showed no significant effect of ethanol consumption (P=0.312) and interaction effect between aerobic exercise and ethanol consumption (P=0.237) on Nrf2 gene expression. Aerobic exercise significantly increased the expression of Nrf2 gene in the aerobic exercise and ethanol+ aerobic exercise groups compared to the control. Ethanol consumption significantly reduced TCA and increased MDA levels compared to other groups. The findings showed that ethanol consumption decreased and increased plasma levels of TAC and MDA, respectively. In contrast, aerobic exercise through increasing TAC levels and increasing Nrf2 gene expression leads to a decrease in the oxidative damage caused by ethanol consumption.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of three models related to highintensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) with synchronous, consecutive, and alternate upper and lower body activity on plasma Irisin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) among obese women. To do so, 11 untrained obese women (30.5±5.8yrs; body fat: %39.9±4.0) completed three protocols on the elliptical ergometer in the cross-design method. Regarding consecutive protocols, the arm and leg pedaling exercises were consecutively performed, 10 repetitions each with 90% wmax for 40 minutes. In synchronous protocols, 10 repetitions of arm and leg pedaling exercises were simultaneously performed with 90% wmax for 29 minutes. As for alternate protocol, arm and leg pedaling exercises were alternately done; 14 repetitions each with 90% wmax for 26.6 minutes. Then, each bout of activity was separated by one-minute active rest with 30% wmax. In addition, the blood samples were taken before the first protocol and one hour after completing each protocol. Results of repeated measure ANOVA and LSD post-hoc test reported no significant difference (p≤0.05) in Irisin or BDNF changes between protocols. However, 28.24 (p=0.02), 21.86, and 17.18% (p=0.03) increase occurred at the synchronous, consecutive, and alternate protocols in Irisin levels, respectively, while 0.01, 10.08, and 10.76% reduction happened in BDNF levels, respectively, compared to baseline values. Despite less time expenditure in synchronous and alternate models than the consecutive one and lower perceived exertion in the alternate model than the

Homeobox C8 (HOXC8) and Homeobox C9 (HOXC9) are hemoproteins involving in white adipose tissue (WAT) development. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of endurance training on gene expression of HOXC8 and HOXC9 in subcutaneous WAT. For this, 16 Wistar rats (8 weeks old, an average of 210 gram) were divided into 1) control (n=8), and 2) endurance training (n=8) groups. The subjects of the training group underwent continuous endurance training (by the average speed of 25 m/min; the average duration of 25 min) on the treadmill for eight weeks (5 sessions per week). Realtime PCR was used to measure the gene expression of subcutaneous tissue. Data showed that uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression was significantly higher in the trained group than control (P=0.018). However, the gene expression of HOXC8 and HOXC9 was not significantly different between trained and control groups (Phoxc8=0.36; Phoxc9=0.52). The results of the present study indicated that the endurance training did not change the gene expression of HOXC8 and HOXC9 in subcutaneous WAT, likely representing that the endurance training could not change the features regarding to whitening and browning of WAT.