Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 M.Sc. of Exercise Physiology, University of Payam Noor, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Exercise Physiology, University of Payam Noor, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on the gene expression of PGC1α and VEGF in the cardiac muscle tissue of male rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats randomly assigned to four groups including: basic control (CO) (n=6), 8 weeks control without exercise (CO8w) (n=6), HIIT (n=6), and MICT (n=6). After 2 weeks of familiarization on the treadmill, the rats in experimental groups run 5 times a week for 8 weeks. The speed of MICT protocol was 15 to 30 meters per minute, and it`s duration was about 15 to 60 minutes. The speed of HIIT protocol was 28 to 55 meters per minute and total duration was 15 to 23 minutes. Rats were sacrificed 48 hours after last training session, and the amount of gene expression was measured by Real-Time PCR technique. Data were analysis by ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test with a P-value of less than 0.05. The results illustrated that 8 weeks of both MICT and HIIT training would lead to significantly increases in PGC1α gene expression in cardiac muscle (P=0.001). However, both of these training methods would not result in significantly increase in VEGF gene expression in cardiac muscle of rats (P=0.186). It seems that both of HIIT and MICT training methods facilities and activated upstream signaling in angiogenesis process (PGC1α) in heart muscle of rats, however, VEGF that is the essential and last component of this adaptation wasn’t significantly increase.
Keywords
Main Subjects
2. Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS. Health benefits of physical activity: The evidence. Canadian medical association journal (CMAJ). 2006;174(6):801-9.
3. Gustafsson T, Rundqvist H, Norrbom J, Rullman E, Jansson E, Sundberg CJ. The influence of physical training on the angiopoietin and VEGF-A systems in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol. 2007;103(3):1012-20.
4. Lloyd PG, Prior BM, Li H, Yang HT, Terjung RL. VEGF receptor antagonism blocks arteriogenesis, but only partially inhibits angiogenesis, in skeletal muscle of exercise-trained rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;288(2):759-68.
5. Prior BM, Yang HT, Terjung RL. What makes vessels grow with exercise training? J Appl Physiol. 2004;97(3):1119-28.
6. Richardson RS, Wagner H, Mudaliar SR, Saucedo E, Henry R, Wagner PD. Exercise adaptation attenuates VEGF gene expression in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2000;279(2):772-8.
7. Chinsomboon J, Ruas J, Gupta RK, Thom R, Shoag J, Rowe GC, et al. The transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α mediates exercise-induced angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. P Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106(50):21401-6.
8. Barroso I, Luan J, Sandhu M, Franks P, Crowley V, Schafer A, et al. Meta-analysis of the Gly482Ser variant in PPARGC1A in type 2 diabetes and related phenotypes. Diabetologia. 2006;49(3):501-5.
9. Arany Z, Foo S-Y, Ma Y, Ruas JL, Bommi-Reddy A, Girnun G, et al. HIF-independent regulation of VEGF and angiogenesis by the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α. Nature. 2008;451(7181):1008-12.
10. Thom R, Rowe GC, Jang C, Safdar A, Arany Z. Hypoxic induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiogenesis in muscle by truncated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator (PGC)-1α. J Biol Chem. 2014; 289(13):8810-7.
11. Silvennoinen M, Ahtiainen JP, Hulmi JJ, Pekkala S, Taipale RS, Nindl BC, et al. PGC‐1 isoforms and their target genes are expressed differently in human skeletal muscle following resistance and endurance exercise. Physiol Rep. 2015; 3(10):12563-75.
12. Little JP, Safdar A, Bishop D, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ. An acute bout of high-intensity interval training increases the nuclear abundance of PGC-1α and activates mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol-Reg I. 2011; 300(6):1303-10.
13. Little JP, Safdar A, Wilkin GP, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ. A practical model of low‐volume high‐intensity interval training induces mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle: Potential mechanisms. J Physiol. 2010;588(6): 1011-22.
14. Taylor CW, Ingham SA, Hunt JE, Martin NR, Pringle JS, Ferguson RA. Exercise duration-matched interval and continuous sprint cycling induce similar increases in AMPK phosphorylation, PGC-1α and VEGF mRNA expression in trained individuals. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116(8):1445-54.
15. Karazizi C, Onerup A, Larsson P, Karlsson L, Börjesson M, Dutta Roy S. The effect of exercise on angiogenic factors in the healthy mouse heart: a short report. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2014;20(1):2332-41.
16. Shin KO, Bae JY, Woo J, Jang KS, Kim KS, Park JS, et al. The effect of exercise on expression of myokine and angiogenesis mRNA in skeletal muscle of high fat diet induced obese rat. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem. 2015;19(2):91-8.
17. Ramos JS, Dalleck LC, Tjonna AE, Beetham KS, Coombes JS. The impact of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(5):679-92.
18. Fisher G, Brown AW, Brown MMB, Alcorn A, Noles C, Winwood L, et al. High intensity interval-vs moderate intensity-training for improving cardiometabolic health in overweight or obese males: A randomized controlled trial. PloS one. 2015;10(10):0138853-63.
19. Bayati M, Gharakhanlou R, Farzad B. Adaptations of physiological performance following high-intensity interval training. Sport Physiology. 2015;7(26):15-32. (In Persian)
20. Rahimi M, Shekarforoush S, Asgari AR, Khoshbaten A, Rajabi H, Bazgir B, et al. The effect of high intensity interval training on cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in wistar rats. Excli J. 2015;14:237-46.
21. Lee Y, Min K, Talbert EE, Kavazis AN, Smuder AJ, Willis WT, et al. Exercise protects cardiac mitochondria against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(3):397-405.
22. Byatyi M, Gharakhanlou R. The effect of 4 weeks of high intensity intermittent exercise (HIIT) on the protein PGC-1α / β, ERRα and VEGF in human skeletal muscle (dissertation). Tarbiat Modares University; 2014 .(In Persian)
23. Hajati Modaraei M, Kordi MR, Gaeini AA, Hadidi V. Similar increases of PGC-1α gene expression in the soleus muscle of healthy male rats following high intensity interval and aerobic training. Journal of metabolism and Exercise. 2014;4(1):39-48. (In Persian)
25. Dai Y, Xu M, Wang Y, Pasha Z, Li T, Ashraf M. HIF-1α induced-VEGF overexpression in bone marrow stem cells protects cardiomyocytes against ischemia. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2007;42(6):1036-44.
26. Ouchi N, Shibata R, Walsh K. AMP-activated protein kinase signaling stimulates VEGF expression and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. Circ Res.2005;96(8):838-46.
27. Hudlicka O. Growth of capillaries in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Circ Res. 1982;50(4):451-61.
28. Bookout AL, Jeong Y, Downes M, Ruth TY, Evans RM, Mangelsdorf DJ. Anatomical profiling of nuclear receptor expression reveals a hierarchical transcriptional network. Cell. 2006;126(4):789-99.
29. Shabani M. The effect of eight weeks of intense interval training and aerobic exercises on gene expression of PGC-1α and VEGF in heart muscle healthy male rats (thesis): University of Tehran; 2014. (In Persian)
30. Shabani M, Choobineh S, Kordi MR, Afghan M. The effect of 8 weeks of high intensity interval training on the expression of PGC-1α and VEGF genes in myocardial muscle of male healthy rats. Journal of sport biosciences. 2016;8(2):169-176. (In Persian)
)