Document Type : Research Paper
Author
Assistant Professor of Sport Physiology, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran
Abstract
The aim of this research was to study the effect of different doses of licorice root with resistance training on blood glutathione peroxidase activity and total antioxidant capacity in sedentary and overweight men. In a semi-experimental trial with double-blind, 90 sedentary and overweight men were divided in six groups of fifteen people: (G1: NRT+SG250mg in the day, G2: NRT+SG500mg in the day, G3: SG250mg in the day, G4: SG500mg in the day, G5: NRT+P250mg in the day and G6: C+P250mg in the day). The resistance training program was conducted for 8 weeks and three sessions per week. Within-group results indicate a significant increase in glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant capacity in the NRT+SG250mg (P=0.023), NRT+SG500mg (P=0.014) and NRT+P250mg (0.038) group. The highest percentage significant incremental changes of glutathione peroxidase (4.10%) and total antioxidant capacity (29.71%) was related to NRT+SG250mg group. Between-group results showed that there was incremental significant difference between the NRT+SG250mg, NRT+SG500mg, and NRT+P250mg with SG500mg, SG250mg and control groups in the mean concentration of glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant capacity (P<0.05). Probably, performing resistance training along with taking licorice supplementation can be effective in enhancing the antioxidant status of sedentary and overweight men.
Keywords
- Resistance Training
- Supplement Licorice
- Glutathione Peroxidase
- Total Antioxidant Capacity
- Oxidative Stress
Main Subjects
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2. Roberta C, Maria V, Guglielmo D, Ivan D, Federico Q, Monica P. et al. Oxidative stress responses to a graded maximal exercise test in older adults following explosive-type resistance training. J Redox Biology. 2014;(2):65-72.
3. Delavar R, Mogharnasi M, Khoobkhahi N. The Effects of Combined Training on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense Indicators. Int J Basic Sci Med, 2017;2(1):29-32.
4. Farzanegi P, Habibian M, Kaftari A. Effect of 6-weeks aerobic exercise training on oxidative stress and enzymatic antioxidants in postmenopausal women with hypertension: Case Stud. 2014. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, 2014;23(108):134-6.
5. Pasaoglu H, Sancak B, Bukan N. Lipid peroxidation and resistance to oxidation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2004;203(3):211-8.
6. Samadi A, Gaeini A, Hedayati M, Rahimi, M. The effect of resistance exercise on oxidative stress in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Basic and Clinical Pathophysiology. 2013;2(1):28-33.
7. Nikseresht M, Agha-Alinejad H, Azarbayjavi M, Ebrahim K. Effects of nonlinear resistance and aerobic interval training on cytokines and insulin resistance in sedentary men who are obese. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(9):2560-8.
8. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, et al. American college of sports medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. J Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2011;43(7):1334-59.
9. Fleck S. Non-linear periodization for general fitness & athletes. J Human Kinetics. 2011;29(Special Issue):41-5.
10. McNamara JM, Stearne DJ. Flexible nonlinear periodization and beginner college weight training class. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24:17‐22
11. Zembron-Lacny A, Slowinska-Lisowska M, Szygula Z, Witkowski K, Stefaniak T, Dziubek W. Assessment of the antioxidant effectiveness of alpha-lipoic acid in healthy men exposed to muscle-damaging exercise. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;60(2):139-43.
12. Mansor, D.A., Kadir, Z.A. and Azidin, R.F.R. A Comparison of Periodization Models on Muscular Strength. In Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Sports Science, Exercise, Engineering and Technology; 2014 (ICoSSEET 2014). pp: 335-47.
13. Azizbeigi K, Azarbayjani MA, Peeri M, Agha-alinejad H, Stannard S. The effect of progressive resistance training on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity in erythrocytes in Untrained Men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2013;23:230-8.
14. Dong Y, Zhao M, Zhao T, Feng M, Chen H, Zhuang M, Lin L. Bioactive profiles, antioxidant activities, nitrite scavenging capacities and protective effects on H2O2-Injured PC12 cells of glycyrrhiza glabra L. Leaf and root extracts. Molecules. 2014; 19:9101-13.
15. Campone L, Piccinelli AL, Pagano I, Carabetta S, Di-Sanzo R, Russo M, Rastrelli L. Determination of phenolic compounds in honey using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. J Chromatogr. 2014;1334:9–15.
16. Nasiriasl M, Hossienzadeh H. A review of the anti-viral effects of licorice, and its active constituents, (Glycyrrhizin). J Herbal Medicines. 2008;6(2):24-36. (In Persian).
17. Lee CK, Son SH, Park KK, Park JHY, Lim SS, Chung WY. Isoliquiritigenin inhibits tumor growth and protects the kidney and liver against chemotherapyinduced toxicity in a mouse xenograft model of colon carcinoma. J Pharmacol Sci. 2008;106:444–51.
18. Dastagir G, Rizvi MA. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Liquorice). Pak J Pharm Sci. 2016;29(5):1727-33.
19. Asgari P, Bahramnezhad F, Narenji F, Golitaleb M, Askari M. A clinical study of the effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra plant and exercise on the quality of life of menopausal women. J Chronic Diseases. 2016;3(2):79-86.
20. Birari RB, Guptab S, Mohan CG, Bhutania KK. Antiobesity and lipid lowering effects of Glycyrrhiza chalcones: Experimental and computational studies. J Phytomedicine. 2011;18:795–801.
21. Delroba-Soltani N, Karimian R, Ranjbar M. Interaction of salicylic acid and cold stress on activity of antioxidant enzymes in glycyrrhiza glabra L. J. Herbal Medicines. 2015;2(1):7-13. (In Persian).
22. Shapna S, Afroza H, Kaiser H, Kaniz F, Sumon R. Antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra. Agric Biol J N Am. 2010; 1(5): 957-60. (In Persian).
23. Liang KW, Lee WJ, Lee IT, Lee WL, Lin SY, Hsu SL, et al. Persistent elevation of paraoxonase-1 specific enzyme activity after weight reduction in obese non-diabetic men with metabolic syndrome. J Clinica Chimica Acta. 2011;412(19-20):1835-41.
24. Foster C. Jackson AS, Pollock ML, Taylor MM, Hare J. et al. Generalized equations for predicting functional capacity from treadmill performance. J American Heart. 1984;107:1229–34.
25. Kraemer WJ, Fleck SJ. Optimizing strength training: Designing nonlinear periodization workouts. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishing; 2007.
26. Benzie IF, Strain JJ. The ferric reducing ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a measure of "antioxidant power": The "frap"assay. J Anal Biochem. 1996239:70-6.
27. Pan X, Liu H, Jia G, Shu Y. (2000). Microwave-assisted extraction of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice root. J Biochemical Engineering. 2000;5:173–7.
28. Parvaneh, V. Quality control and chemical tests of food. Publishing and Printing Institute of the University Tehran; 2006. (In Persian).
29. Helrich K. Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists (AOAC). 15th ed. Arlington, VA: The Association: 1990.
30. Lin J. Tang C. Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents in selected fruits and vegetables, as well as their stimulatory effects on mouse splenocyte proliferation.J Food Chemistry. 2007;101:140-7.
31. Shimada K, Ujikawa FK, Yahara K, Nakamura T. Antioxidative properties of xanthin on autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. J Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1992;40:945-8.
32. Yildirim A, Mavi A, Kara AA. Determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Rumex crispus L. extracts. J Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001;49:4083–9.
33. Shi OE. & Mei LS. Pressurized hot water extraction of berberin, baicalein and glycyrrhizin in medicinal plants. J Analytica Chemica Acta. 2003;482:81-9.
34. Prieto P, Pineda M. Aguilar, M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: Specific application to the determination of vitamin E. J Analytical Biochemistry. 1990; 269: 337-41.
35. Gettman, LR, Pollock ML. Circuit weight training: A critical review of its physiological benefits. Phys Sports Med. 2013;9:44–60.
36. Polak J, Klimcakova E, Moro C, Viguerie N, Berlan M, Hejnova J, et al. Effect of aerobic training on plasma levels and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue gene expression of adiponectin, leptin, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in obese women.J Metabolism. 2006;55:1375–81.
37. Cakir- Atabek H, Demir S, Pinarbasili RD, Gunduz N. Effect of diffrenet resistance training intensity on indices of oxidative stress. J Strength Cond Res. 2010; 24(9):2491-7.
38. Naghizadeh H, Akbarzade H. Effect of moderate aerobic exercise with vitamin E consumption on total anti-oxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation and muscle damage in active male students. J Applied Exercise Physiology. 2013; 9(17):27-42. (In Persian).
39. Naghizadeh H, Akbarzade H. The comparison of total antioxidant capacity and glutathion peroxidase and lipid profile serum of endurance swimmers and non-athletes males. J Applied Exercise Physiology. 2009;5(10): 59-63. (In Persian).
40. Damle, M. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice)-a potent medicinal herb. Intl J Herbal Medicine, 2014;2(2):132-6.
41. Tucker PS, Briskey DR, Scanlan AT, Coombes JS, Dalbo VJ. High intensity interval training favourably affects antioxidant and inflammation mRNA expression in early-stage chronic kidney disease. J Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2015;(89):466-72.
42. Hoffman JR, Im J, Kang J, Maresh CM, Kraemer WJ, French D, et al. Composition of low and high-intensity resistance exercise on lipid peroxidation: Role of muscle oxygenation. J Strength Cond Res. 2007;21:118–22.
43. Liu JF, Chang WY, Chan KH, Tsai WY, Lin CL, Hsu MC. Blood lipid peroxides and muscle damage increased following intensive resistance training of female weightlifters. J Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1042:255-61.
44. Parise G, Brose AN, Tarnopolsky MA. Resistance exercise training decreases oxidative damage to DNA and increases cytochrome oxidase activity in older adults. J Exp Gerontol. 2005;40(3):173-80.
45. Halverstadt A, Phares DA, Wilund KR, Goldberg AP, Hagberg JM. Endurance exercise training raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lowers small low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein independent of body fat phenotypes in older men and women. J Metabolism. 2007;56:444-50.
46. Naghizadeh H, Afzalpour ME, Akbarzade H. Comparison of antioxidant and cardiovascular risk factors athletes Zurkhaneh (ancient athletes) and non-athletes. JSSU. 2009;14(4): 34-40.
47. Oztasan N, Taysi S, Gumustekin K, Altinkaynak K, Aktas O, Timur H, et al. Endurance training attenuates exercise-induced oxidative stress in erythrocytes in rat. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;91(5-6):622-7.
48. Atalay M, Sen CK. Physical exercise and antioxidant defenses in the heart. J Ann NY Acad Sci. 2015;874:169-77.
49. Kaviarasan S, Vijayalakshmi K, Anuradha CV. Polyphenolrich extract of fenugreek seeds protect erythrocytes from oxidative damage. J Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2004;59(4):143-7.
2. Roberta C, Maria V, Guglielmo D, Ivan D, Federico Q, Monica P. et al. Oxidative stress responses to a graded maximal exercise test in older adults following explosive-type resistance training. J Redox Biology. 2014;(2):65-72.
3. Delavar R, Mogharnasi M, Khoobkhahi N. The Effects of Combined Training on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense Indicators. Int J Basic Sci Med, 2017;2(1):29-32.
4. Farzanegi P, Habibian M, Kaftari A. Effect of 6-weeks aerobic exercise training on oxidative stress and enzymatic antioxidants in postmenopausal women with hypertension: Case Stud. 2014. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, 2014;23(108):134-6.
5. Pasaoglu H, Sancak B, Bukan N. Lipid peroxidation and resistance to oxidation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2004;203(3):211-8.
6. Samadi A, Gaeini A, Hedayati M, Rahimi, M. The effect of resistance exercise on oxidative stress in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Basic and Clinical Pathophysiology. 2013;2(1):28-33.
7. Nikseresht M, Agha-Alinejad H, Azarbayjavi M, Ebrahim K. Effects of nonlinear resistance and aerobic interval training on cytokines and insulin resistance in sedentary men who are obese. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(9):2560-8.
8. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, et al. American college of sports medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. J Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2011;43(7):1334-59.
9. Fleck S. Non-linear periodization for general fitness & athletes. J Human Kinetics. 2011;29(Special Issue):41-5.
10. McNamara JM, Stearne DJ. Flexible nonlinear periodization and beginner college weight training class. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24:17‐22
11. Zembron-Lacny A, Slowinska-Lisowska M, Szygula Z, Witkowski K, Stefaniak T, Dziubek W. Assessment of the antioxidant effectiveness of alpha-lipoic acid in healthy men exposed to muscle-damaging exercise. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;60(2):139-43.
12. Mansor, D.A., Kadir, Z.A. and Azidin, R.F.R. A Comparison of Periodization Models on Muscular Strength. In Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Sports Science, Exercise, Engineering and Technology; 2014 (ICoSSEET 2014). pp: 335-47.
13. Azizbeigi K, Azarbayjani MA, Peeri M, Agha-alinejad H, Stannard S. The effect of progressive resistance training on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity in erythrocytes in Untrained Men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2013;23:230-8.
14. Dong Y, Zhao M, Zhao T, Feng M, Chen H, Zhuang M, Lin L. Bioactive profiles, antioxidant activities, nitrite scavenging capacities and protective effects on H2O2-Injured PC12 cells of glycyrrhiza glabra L. Leaf and root extracts. Molecules. 2014; 19:9101-13.
15. Campone L, Piccinelli AL, Pagano I, Carabetta S, Di-Sanzo R, Russo M, Rastrelli L. Determination of phenolic compounds in honey using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. J Chromatogr. 2014;1334:9–15.
16. Nasiriasl M, Hossienzadeh H. A review of the anti-viral effects of licorice, and its active constituents, (Glycyrrhizin). J Herbal Medicines. 2008;6(2):24-36. (In Persian).
17. Lee CK, Son SH, Park KK, Park JHY, Lim SS, Chung WY. Isoliquiritigenin inhibits tumor growth and protects the kidney and liver against chemotherapyinduced toxicity in a mouse xenograft model of colon carcinoma. J Pharmacol Sci. 2008;106:444–51.
18. Dastagir G, Rizvi MA. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Liquorice). Pak J Pharm Sci. 2016;29(5):1727-33.
19. Asgari P, Bahramnezhad F, Narenji F, Golitaleb M, Askari M. A clinical study of the effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra plant and exercise on the quality of life of menopausal women. J Chronic Diseases. 2016;3(2):79-86.
20. Birari RB, Guptab S, Mohan CG, Bhutania KK. Antiobesity and lipid lowering effects of Glycyrrhiza chalcones: Experimental and computational studies. J Phytomedicine. 2011;18:795–801.
21. Delroba-Soltani N, Karimian R, Ranjbar M. Interaction of salicylic acid and cold stress on activity of antioxidant enzymes in glycyrrhiza glabra L. J. Herbal Medicines. 2015;2(1):7-13. (In Persian).
22. Shapna S, Afroza H, Kaiser H, Kaniz F, Sumon R. Antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra. Agric Biol J N Am. 2010; 1(5): 957-60. (In Persian).
23. Liang KW, Lee WJ, Lee IT, Lee WL, Lin SY, Hsu SL, et al. Persistent elevation of paraoxonase-1 specific enzyme activity after weight reduction in obese non-diabetic men with metabolic syndrome. J Clinica Chimica Acta. 2011;412(19-20):1835-41.
24. Foster C. Jackson AS, Pollock ML, Taylor MM, Hare J. et al. Generalized equations for predicting functional capacity from treadmill performance. J American Heart. 1984;107:1229–34.
25. Kraemer WJ, Fleck SJ. Optimizing strength training: Designing nonlinear periodization workouts. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishing; 2007.
26. Benzie IF, Strain JJ. The ferric reducing ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a measure of "antioxidant power": The "frap"assay. J Anal Biochem. 1996239:70-6.
27. Pan X, Liu H, Jia G, Shu Y. (2000). Microwave-assisted extraction of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice root. J Biochemical Engineering. 2000;5:173–7.
28. Parvaneh, V. Quality control and chemical tests of food. Publishing and Printing Institute of the University Tehran; 2006. (In Persian).
29. Helrich K. Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists (AOAC). 15th ed. Arlington, VA: The Association: 1990.
30. Lin J. Tang C. Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents in selected fruits and vegetables, as well as their stimulatory effects on mouse splenocyte proliferation.J Food Chemistry. 2007;101:140-7.
31. Shimada K, Ujikawa FK, Yahara K, Nakamura T. Antioxidative properties of xanthin on autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. J Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1992;40:945-8.
32. Yildirim A, Mavi A, Kara AA. Determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Rumex crispus L. extracts. J Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001;49:4083–9.
33. Shi OE. & Mei LS. Pressurized hot water extraction of berberin, baicalein and glycyrrhizin in medicinal plants. J Analytica Chemica Acta. 2003;482:81-9.
34. Prieto P, Pineda M. Aguilar, M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: Specific application to the determination of vitamin E. J Analytical Biochemistry. 1990; 269: 337-41.
35. Gettman, LR, Pollock ML. Circuit weight training: A critical review of its physiological benefits. Phys Sports Med. 2013;9:44–60.
36. Polak J, Klimcakova E, Moro C, Viguerie N, Berlan M, Hejnova J, et al. Effect of aerobic training on plasma levels and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue gene expression of adiponectin, leptin, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in obese women.J Metabolism. 2006;55:1375–81.
37. Cakir- Atabek H, Demir S, Pinarbasili RD, Gunduz N. Effect of diffrenet resistance training intensity on indices of oxidative stress. J Strength Cond Res. 2010; 24(9):2491-7.
38. Naghizadeh H, Akbarzade H. Effect of moderate aerobic exercise with vitamin E consumption on total anti-oxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation and muscle damage in active male students. J Applied Exercise Physiology. 2013; 9(17):27-42. (In Persian).
39. Naghizadeh H, Akbarzade H. The comparison of total antioxidant capacity and glutathion peroxidase and lipid profile serum of endurance swimmers and non-athletes males. J Applied Exercise Physiology. 2009;5(10): 59-63. (In Persian).
40. Damle, M. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice)-a potent medicinal herb. Intl J Herbal Medicine, 2014;2(2):132-6.
41. Tucker PS, Briskey DR, Scanlan AT, Coombes JS, Dalbo VJ. High intensity interval training favourably affects antioxidant and inflammation mRNA expression in early-stage chronic kidney disease. J Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2015;(89):466-72.
42. Hoffman JR, Im J, Kang J, Maresh CM, Kraemer WJ, French D, et al. Composition of low and high-intensity resistance exercise on lipid peroxidation: Role of muscle oxygenation. J Strength Cond Res. 2007;21:118–22.
43. Liu JF, Chang WY, Chan KH, Tsai WY, Lin CL, Hsu MC. Blood lipid peroxides and muscle damage increased following intensive resistance training of female weightlifters. J Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1042:255-61.
44. Parise G, Brose AN, Tarnopolsky MA. Resistance exercise training decreases oxidative damage to DNA and increases cytochrome oxidase activity in older adults. J Exp Gerontol. 2005;40(3):173-80.
45. Halverstadt A, Phares DA, Wilund KR, Goldberg AP, Hagberg JM. Endurance exercise training raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lowers small low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein independent of body fat phenotypes in older men and women. J Metabolism. 2007;56:444-50.
46. Naghizadeh H, Afzalpour ME, Akbarzade H. Comparison of antioxidant and cardiovascular risk factors athletes Zurkhaneh (ancient athletes) and non-athletes. JSSU. 2009;14(4): 34-40.
47. Oztasan N, Taysi S, Gumustekin K, Altinkaynak K, Aktas O, Timur H, et al. Endurance training attenuates exercise-induced oxidative stress in erythrocytes in rat. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;91(5-6):622-7.
48. Atalay M, Sen CK. Physical exercise and antioxidant defenses in the heart. J Ann NY Acad Sci. 2015;874:169-77.
49. Kaviarasan S, Vijayalakshmi K, Anuradha CV. Polyphenolrich extract of fenugreek seeds protect erythrocytes from oxidative damage. J Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2004;59(4):143-7.
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