Sport Physiology

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Article Processing Charges (APC)

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Reviewers

Terms and conditions for manuscript submission

Submission Instruction

Forms

Peer Review Process

Alterations in Enzymatic and Non‐Enzymatic Antioxidants Levels After One Session of Repeated-Sprint Activity and Cold Water Immersion

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Professor of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tehran, Iran

3 M.Sc. of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tehran, Iran

4 Ph.D. Student of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to measure the changes in oxidized (GSSG) and reduced (GSH) glutathione, glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) after repeated-sprint activity (RSA) and subsequent cold water immersion (CWI). Twenty trained athletes with maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) 52.9±2.9 ml.kg-1.min-1, age 21.9±2.2 yrs, height 174.2±5.4 cm, and weight 68±4.4 kg was assigned to take part in this study. After performing repeated-sprint activity, 10 participants immersed in cold water (14°c) and 10 participants passively sat on a chair at room temperature. Blood sampling was performed before and after RSA, after CWI or passive rest and after 24 h. The blood variables assessed through ELISA method. The results showed that antioxidant levels did not return to baseline levels and CWI had no effect on these factors, compared to GPX and GR returned to baseline levels after 24 h, nevertheless; there was no significant difference between CWI and Control groups. In conclusion, although the levels of enzymatic and non‐enzymatic antioxidants were significantly higher after RSA, CWI did not have any effect on returning to baseline levels after 24h.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References
  1. Sutkowy P, Woźniak A, Boraczyński T, Mila-Kierzenkowska C, Boraczyński M. Postexercise Impact of ice-cold water bath on the oxidant-antioxidant balance in healthy men. Biomed Res. Int. 2015;19:84-91.
  2. Mäkinen TM. Human cold exposure, adaptation, and performance in high latitude environments. Am J Hum. 2007;19(2):155-64.
  3. Vieira A, Siqueira AF, Ferreira-Junior JB, do Carmo J, Durigan JLQ, Blazevich A, Bottaro M. The effect of water temperature during cold-water immersion on recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage. Int J Sports Med. 2016;37(12):937-43.
  4. Bleakley CM, Bieuzen F, Davison GW, Costello J. Whole-body cryotherapy: empirical evidence and theoretical perspectives. Open Access J Sports Med. 2014;5:25-36.
  5. White GE, Rhind SG, Wells GD. The effect of various cold-water immersion protocols on exercise-induced inflammatory response and functional recovery from high-intensity sprint exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014;114(11):2353-67.
  6. Roberts LA, Nosaka K, Coombes JS, Peake JM. Cold water immersion enhances recovery of submaximal muscle function after resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp. 2014:307(8):998-1008.
  7. King M, Duffield R. The effects of recovery interventions on consecutive days of intermittent sprint exercise. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(6):1795-802.
  8. Mila-Kierzenkowska C, Woźniak A, Szpinda M, Boraczyński T, Woźniak B, Rajewski P, Sutkowy P. Effects of thermal stress on the activity of selected lysosomal enzymes in blood of experienced and novice winter swimmers. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2012;14:117-26.
  9. Higgins T, Cameron M, Climstein M. Evaluation of passive recovery, cold water immersion, and contrast baths for recovery, as measured by game performances markers, between two simulated games of rugby union. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;42(3):206-14.
  10. Wilcock IM, Cronin JB, Hing, WA. Physiological response to water immersion. Sports Med. 2006;36(9):747-65.
  11. Bleakley CM, Davison GW. What is the biochemical and physiological rationale for using Cold Water Immersion in Sports Recovery? A Systematic Review. Br J Sports Med. 2009;24:217-26.
  12. Jakeman JR, Macrae R, Eston R. A single 10-min bout of cold-water immersion therapy after strenuous plyometric exercise has no beneficial effect on recovery from the symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage. Ergonomics. 2009;52(4):456-60.
  13. Sellwood KL, Brukner P, Williams D, Nicol A, Hinman R. Ice-water immersion and delayed-onset muscle soreness: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Med. 2007;41(6):392-7.
  14. Girard O, Mendez-Villanueva A, Bishop D. Repeated-sprint ability—Part I. Sports Med. 2011;41(8):673-94.
  15. Wozniak A, Mila-Kierzenkowska C, Szpinda M, Chwalbinska-Moneta J, Augustynska B, Jurecka A. Whole-body cryostimulation and oxidative stress in rowers: the preliminary results. Arch Med Sci. 2013;9(2):303-8.
  16. Robertson VJ, Ward A, Low J, Reed A. Electrotherapy Explained. 2006;18:309-15.
  17. Heubert RAP, Billat VL, Chassaing P, Bocquet V, Morton RH, Koralsztein JP, et al. Effect of a previous sprint on the parameters of the work-time to exhaustion relationship in high intensity cycling. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26(07):583-92.
  18. Vandewalle H, Peres G, Heller J, Panel J, Monod H. Force-velocity relationship and maximal power on a cycle ergometer. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1997;56(6):650-6.
  19. Melhim AF. Aerobic and anaerobic power responses to the practice of taekwondo. ew. Br J Sports. 2001;35(4):231-4.
  20. Yeargin SW, Casa DJ, McClung JM, Knight JC, Healey JC, Goss P J, et al. Body cooling between two bouts of exercise in the heat enhances subsequent performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2006;20(2):383-9.
  21. May MJ, Ghosh S. Signal transduction through NF-κB. Immunology Today. 1998;19(2):80-8.
  22. Unt E, Kairane C, Vaher I, Zilmer M. Red blood cell and whole blood glutathione redox status in endurance-trained men following a ski marathon. J Sci Med Sport. 2008;7(3):344-9.
  23. Zilmer M, Soomets U, Rehema A, Langel U. The glutathione system as an attractive therapeutic target. Drug Design Reviews-Online. 2005;2(2):121-7.
  24. Sastre JU, Asensi M, Gasco E, Pallardo F, Ferrero JA. Exhaustive physical exercise causes oxidation of glutathione status in blood: prevention by antioxidant administration. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp. 2002;263(5):992-5.
  25. Seifi-Skishahr F, Damirchi A, Farjaminezhad M, Babaei P. Physical training status determines oxidative stress and redox changes in response to an acute aerobic exercise. Biochem. Res. Int. 2016;14:86-95.
  26. Elokda AS, Shields RK, Nielsen DH. Effects of a maximal graded exercise test on glutathione as a marker of acute oxidative stress. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2005;25(4):215-9.
  27. Lit KW, Chen CK, Ang B. Effects of acute cool water immersion on time trial performance and exercised-induced oxidative stress among endurance cyclists in the heat. J Athl Enhancement 3:4 doi:10.4172/2324-9080.1000163
  28. Subudhi AW, Min-Xin F, Strothkamp KG, Murray DM. Effect of graded exercise on blood glutathione status in trained and untrained humans. International Sports Journal. 2003;7(2):82-6.
  29. Heunks LM, Viña J, van Herwaarden CL, Folgering HT, Gimeno A, Dekhuijzen P R. Xanthine oxidase is involved in exercise-induced oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp. 1999;277(6):1697-704.
  30. Gohil K, Viguie C, Stanley WC, Brooks GA, Packer L. Blood glutathione oxidation during human exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 1998;64(1):115-9.
  31. Viguie CA, Frei B, Shigenaga M, Ames BN, Packer L, Brooks GA. Antioxidant status and indexes of oxidative stress during consecutive days of exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 1993;75(2):566-72.
  32. Sen CK, Atalay M, Hanninen O. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: glutathione supplementation and deficiency. J. Appl. Physiol. 2004;77(5):2177-87.
  33. Viña J, Servera E, Asensi M, Sastre J, Pallardó F V, Ferrero J, et al. Exercise causes blood glutathione oxidation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Prevention by O2 therapy. J. Appl. Physiol. 1996;81(5):2199-202.
  34. Ohtsuka Y, Yabunaka N, Fujisawa H, Watanabe I, Agishi Y. Effect of thermal stress on glutathione metabolism in human erythrocytes. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1994;68(1):87-91.
  35. Banfi G, Lombardi G, Colombini A, Melegati G. Whole-body cryotherapy in athletes. Sports Med. 2010;40(6):509-17.
  36. Lubkowska A, Dołęgowska B, Szyguła Z. Whole-body cryostimulation-potential beneficial treatment for improving antioxidant capacity in healthy men-significance of the number of sessions. Plos One. 2012;7(10):43-52.
  37. Lubkowska A, Dolegowska B, Szygula Z, Klimek A. Activity of selected enzymes in erythrocytes and level of plasma antioxidants in response to single whole‐body cryostimulation in humans. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2009;69(3):387-94.
Sport Physiology
Volume 12, Issue 47
Fall 2020
September 2020
Pages 133-146
Files
History
  • Receive Date: 16 November 2016
  • Revise Date: 14 May 2016
  • Accept Date: 26 December 2016
Share
How to cite
Statistics