Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 M.A. Student in Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
2 Professor in Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
3 Associate Professor in Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
4 Assistant Professor in Exercise Physiology, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
The aim of this study was to construct physical fitness Norms for women aged 18-60 years of Isfahan and it was descriptive normative research.
Methods & Materials: A number of 372 women, (Mean: 39.48 ±12.64 years; Height: 159.15±6.66 cm; Weight: 67.44±10.19kg; BMI: 26/71±4/27 kg/m2), were randomly selected as subjects. The measurement tools of this study were physical fitness standard tests including Flexibility sit & Reach, Rockport 1 mile walking/Running, curl up, hand grip and push up tests, that have been used for construction of norms. Descriptive statistics and computation of Z scores and point percentages were used to construct norms.
Results: The analysis of research findings revealed that cardiovascular endurance means (38.34± 9.42ml.kg.min), body fat percent (30.30± 7.78), Handgrip (21.27±6.74kg), Endurance of shoulder girdle muscles (6.87±7.75 push-up), flexibility (30.45±7.66 cm) and endurance of abdominal muscles of subjects (13.74±13.48 curl-up) were respectively. Conclusions: Compared to available norms in this area and other countries, findings of results revealed that in cardiovascular endurance, endurance of abdominal muscles and handgrip strength, subjects were in weak conditions, also in endurance of shoulder girdle & body fat percent, subjects’ conditions were moderate, but in flexibility of body, they have nearly optimal conditions. Generally, physical fitness status and regular physical activity of subjects were not optimal.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Pantelić S, Ranđelović N, Milanović Z, Trajković N, Sporiš G, Kostić R. Physical activity of elderly women in terms of age. Facta Universitatis Series: Physical education and Sport. 2012;10(4):289.
- Ziaee V, Fallah J, Rezaee M, Biat A. The relationship between body mass index and physical fitness in 513 medical students. 2007;65(8):79-84. (In Persian)
- Cimarras-Otal C, Calderón-Larrañaga A, Poblador-Plou B, González-Rubio
F, Gimeno-Feliu LA, Arjol-Serrano JL, et al. Association between physical activity, multimorbidity, self-rated health and functional limitation in the Spanish population. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):1170. - Kashef M, Nazarian A. Evaluating and providing physical fitness norms of Shahid Rejaee Teacher Training University students. Journal of Technology of Education. 2013;2(2):29-38. (In Persian)
- Collins K, Staples K. The role of physical activity in improving physical fitness in children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2017;69:49-60.
- Brown D, Miller W. Normative data for strength and flexibility of women throughout life. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1998;78(1):77-82.
- Marmeleira J, Ferreira S, Raimundo A. Physical activity and physical fitness of nursing home residents with cognitive impairment: A pilot study. Exp Gerontol. 2017;100:63-9.
- Pasdar Y, Niazi P, Darbandi M, Khalvandi F, Izadi N. Effect of physical activity on body composition and quality of life among women staff of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2013. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2015;14(2):99-110. (In Persian)
- Nikbakht H, Jalali S, Cangizzade M. The relation between physical fitness and body composition with general health in overweight and obese high school female students. Quartery Journal of Sport Bioscience Researches. 2011;1(4):5-16. (In Persian)
- Schibye B, Hansen A, Søgaard K, Christensen H. Aerobic power and muscle strength among young and elderly workers with and without physically demanding work tasks. Appl Ergon. 2001;32(5):425-31.
- William J Vincent. Statistics in kinesiology. Tehran: Elm-o- Harekat Pub; 2009.
- Minasian V, Mohebbi H, Marandi S, Hasani O. Construction of Physical fitness norms for men aged 18-60 years of Isfahan. Sport Physiology, 2018;10(38):17-36.
(In Persian) - Hoffman J. Norms for fitness, performance and health. Leeds : Human Kinetics; 2006, pp.115-65.
- Safrit TM. Complete guide to youth fitness testing. on Amazon.com : Human Kinetic; 1995, pp. 12-25.
- Dwyer GB, Shala ED. ACSM's Health-related physical fitness assessment manual. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2005; 55-158
- So W-Y, Choi D-H. Differences in physical fitness and cardiovascular function depend on BMI in Korean men. J Sports Sci Med. 2010;9(2):239.
- Arja Häkkinen MR, Tommi Vasankari, Matti Santtila, Keijo Häkkinen, Heikki Kyröläinen. Association of physical fitness with health-related Quality of life in Finnish young women. Health and Quality of Life. 2010;10(15):1-8.
- de Jong J, Lemmink KA, Stevens M, de Greef MH, Rispens P, King AC, et al. Six-month effects of the Groningen active living model (GALM) on physical activity, health and fitness outcomes in sedentary and underactive older adults aged 55–65. Patient Education and Counseling. 2006;62(1):132-41.
- Sheena E. Ramsay PHW, Shaper AG, Wannamethee SG. The relations of body composition and adiposity measures to ill health and physical disability in elderly women. Am J Epidemiology. 2006;165(5):459–69.
- Bulik CM, Wade TD, Heath AC, Martin NG, Stunkard AJ, Eaves LJ. Relating body mass index to figural stimuli: population-based normative data for Caucasians. International Journal of Obesity. 2001;25(10):1517.
- McIntosh G, Wilson L, Affieck M, Hall H. Trunk and lower extremity muscle endurance: normative data for adults. J Rehabil Outcome Meas. 1998;2(4):20-39.
- Pennathur A, Magham R, Contreras LR, Dowling W. Daily living activities in older adults: Part I—a review of physical activity and dietary intake assessment methods. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 2003;32(6):389-404.
- Sallis JF, Bowles HR, Bauman A, Ainsworth BE, Bull FC, Craig CL, et al. Neighborhood environments and physical activity among adults in 11 countries. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2009;36(6):484-90.
- Adams G. Exercise physiology laboratory manual, predicting VO2max from
sub-maximal Rockport-Mile Walk Test. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers; 2002, pp. 19-28. - Chen H-T, Lin C-H, Yu L-H. Normative physical fitness scores for community-dwelling older adults. J Nurs Res. 2009;17(1):30-41.
- Gouveia ÉR, Maia JA, Beunen GP, Blimkie CJ, Fena EM, Freitas DL. Functional fitness and physical activity of Portuguese community-residing older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2013;21(1):1-19.
- Zolaktaf V. Evaluation of body composition and cardio-respiratory fitness of men and women workers, and constructions of fitness national norms, Unpublished Research report, SSRC. 2008; 145-58. (In Persian)
- Sundquist K, Qvist J, Sundquist J, Johansson S-E. Frequent and occasional physical activity in the elderly: a 12-year follow-up study of mortality. Am J Prev Med. 2004;27(1):22-7.
- Haugen T, Høigaard R, Seiler S. Normative data of BMI and physical fitness in a Norwegian sample of early adolescents. Scand J Public Health.. 2014;42(1):67-73.
- Jaana S, Paulina, H, Marjo R. Fitness for Health: The ALPHA-FIT test battery for adults aged 18–69, Published by European Union, DG SANCO, and the UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland. 2009; 11-28
- Heimer S, Mišigoj-Duraković M, Ružić L, Matković B, Prskalo I, Beri S, et al. Fitness level of adult economically active population in the Republic of Croatia estimated by EUROFIT system. Collegium Antropologicum. 2004;28(1):223-33.
- Ortega FB, Artero EG, Ruiz JR, España-Romero V, Jiwomenez-Pavón D, Vicente-Rodriguez G, et al. Physical fitness levels among European adolescents: the HELENA study. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(1): 20–9.
)