The effect of 12 weeks of circular resistance training on markers of bone metabolic and hormonal in elderly men

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Kourosh Dehghan 1
khosro Jalali Dehkordi 2
Farzaneh Taghian 1
Mehdi Kargarfard 3
Bahram Abedi 4
1 PhD Student, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
3 professor ,Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
4 Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Mahallat Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahallat, Iran
10.22089/spj.2022.12214.2177
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigateto the effect of 12 weeks of resistance circuit-based training on markers of bone metabolic and hormonal in elderly men.30 elderly men with mean and standard deviation of age: 67.63 ± 4.82 years; weight: 75.82 ± 8.89 kg and body mass index: 27.53±3.28 kg/m2 were randomly divided into two groups of combined training and control. The resistance exercise training was performed at 30–55% ofthe one-repetition maximum (1-RM), three times per week for 12-weeks, while the CON group maintained their regular lifestyle. The hormonal and bone metabolic markers including serum 25-(OH) D3,parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin (OC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcitonin and calcium were measuredbefore training and after 12weeksexercise intervention. The results of analysis of covariance showed a significant increase in the calcitonin levels (14.80± 2.70) vs. 12.67± 3.75 ml/dl, p = 0.037) and calcium (9.70±0.65 vs. 9.09±0.47 ml/dl, p = 0.006) in the resistance training group compared to the control group showed intervention after 12 weeks.The findings of the present study showed that 12 weeks of resistance circuit-based training led to a significant improvement in some hormonal markers and bone metabolic in the elderly. Further studies with a long-term follow-up should be considered to confirm these findings.
Keywords
osteopenia
bone metabolism
circular
resistance training
elderly
  1. Vásquez-Araneda E, Solís-Vivanco RI, Mahecha-Matsudo S, Zapata-Lamana R, Cigarroa I. Characteristics of physical exercise programs for older adults in latin america: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(6):2812.
  2. Arnold M, Rajagukguk YV, Gramza-Michałowska A. Functional food for elderly high in antioxidant and chicken eggshell calcium to reduce the risk of osteoporosis—a narrative review. Foods. 2021;10(3): 656.
  3. Raj NB, Lee WZ, Eswaramoorthi V, Razali H, Othman NY, Rao US. Exercise programmes for reducing the risk of falls in elderly: a review. Research J Pharm and Tech. 2020;13(6):2977-84.
  4. Santos VRd, Christofaro DGD, Gomes IC, Freitas Júnior IF, Gobbo LA. Relationship between obesity, sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, and bone mineral density in elderly subjects aged 80 years and over. Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia. 2018;53:300-5.
  5. Zaravar L, Nemati J, Rezaei R, Jahromi MK, Daryanoosh F. Effect of eight weeks water exercise with blood flow restriction on growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1 and bone metabolism in elderly women. Sport Physiol. 2021;51: 69-92.
  6. Mohamadpour H, Rahnama N, Faramarzi M. Effect of consuming omega-3 fatty acid supplement along with resistance training on some physical fitness factors in healthy elderly women. Sport Physiology. 2014;6(22):41-54.
  7. Body J-J, Bergmann P, Boonen S, Devogelaer J-P, Gielen E, Goemaere S, et al. Extraskeletal benefits and risks of calcium, vitamin D and anti-osteoporosis medications. Osteoporosis International. 2012;23(1):1-23.
  8. Greenblatt MB, Tsai JN, Wein MN. Bone turnover markers in the diagnosis and monitoring of metabolic bone disease. Clinical Chemistry. 2017;63(2):464-74.
  9. Shetty S, Kapoor N, Bondu JD, Thomas N, Paul TV. Bone turnover markers: Emerging tool in the management of osteoporosis. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2016;20(6):846.

 

  1. Asikaran S, Eastell R, Bruyère O, Foldes AJ, Garnero P, Griesmacher A.Markers of bone turnover for the prediction of fracture risk and monitoring of osteoporosis treatment: a need for international reference standards. Osteoporos Int. 2011; 22:391–420.
  2. McCarty MF, DiNicolantonio JJ. The molecular biology and pathophysiology of vascular calcification. Postgraduate Medicine. 2014;126(2):54-64.
  3. Lello S, Capozzi A, Scambia G. Osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease: an update. Gynecological Endocrinology. 2015;31(8):590-4.
  4. Ahn N, Kim K. Effects of 12-week exercise training on osteocalcin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations, and insulin resistance in elderly females with osteoporosis. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2016;28(8):2227-31.
  5. Park JH, Kim HJ, Han A, Kang DM, Park S. Effects of aerobic exercise training on the risk factors for liver diseases in elderly women with obesity and impaired fasting glucose: a pilot study. Journal of Exercise Nutrition & Biochemistry. 2019;23(1):21.
  6. Naghizadeh H, Azizbeigi K. Effect of 12 weeks of progressive resistance training on the serum levels of liver enzymes Aspartate Aminotransferase, Alanine Aminotransferase, Alkaline Phosphatase in sedentary obese men. Metabolism and Exercise. 2019;9(2):163-85.
  7. Reid IR, Birstow SM, Bolland MJ. Calcium and cardiovascular disease. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2017; 32:339–49.
  8. Larsson SC, Burgess S, Michaëlsson K. Association of genetic variants related to serum calcium levels with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2017;318(4):371-80
  9. Mezil YA, Allison D, Kish K, Ditor D, Ward WE, Tsiani E, et al. Response of bone turnover markers and cytokines to high-intensity low-impact exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(7):1495-502.
  10. Bagheri L, Faramarzi M, Banitalebi E, Azamian Jazi A. The effect of sequence order of combined training (strength and endurance) on Myostatin, Follistatin and Follistatin/Myostatin ratio in older women. Sport Physiology. 2015;7(26):143-64.
  11. Mohammad Rahimi GR, Bijeh N, Rashidlamir A. Effects of exercise training on serum preptin, undercarboxylated osteocalcin and high molecular weight adiponectin in adults with metabolic syndrome. Experimental Physiology. 2020;105(3):449-59.
  12. Kohrt WM, Barry DW, Schwartz RS. Muscle forces or gravity: what predominates mechanical loading on bone? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2009;41(11):2050.
  13. Kohrt WM. American College of Sports Medicine position stand on physical activity and bone health. Med Sci Sports Exer. 2004;36:1985-96.
  14. Zhao R, Zhao M, ZhangL. Efficiency of jumping exercise in improving bone mineral density among premenopausal women: a meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 2014;44(10):1393-402.
  15. Babatunde O, Forsyth J, Gidlow C. A meta-analysis of brief high-impact exercises for enhancing bonehealth in premenopausal women. Osteoporosis International. 2012;23(1):109-19
  16. Yuan Y, Chen X, Zhang L, Wu J, Guo J, Zou D, et al. The roles of exercise in bone remodeling and in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 2016;122(2):122-30
  17. Lester ME, Urso ML, Evans RK, Pierce JR, Spiering BA, Maresh CM, et al. Influence of exercise mode and osteogenic index on bone biomarker responses during short-term physical training. Bone. 2009;45(4):768-76.
  18. Scott JP, Sale C, Greeves JP, Casey A, Dutton J, Fraser WD. The role of exercise intensity in the bone metabolic response to an acute bout of weight-bearing exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2011;110(2):423-32.
  19. Maïmoun L, Sultan C. Effect of physical activity on calcium homeostasis and calciotropic hormones: a review. Calcified Tissue International. 2009;85(4):277-86.
  20. Molina-Sotomayor E, Espinoza-Salinas A, Arenas-Sánchez G, Pradas de la Fuente F, Leon-Prados JA, Gonzalez-Jurado JA. Effects of resistance training program on muscle mass and muscle strength and the relationship with cognition in older women. Sustainability. 2021;13(14):7687.
  21. Ramos-Campo DJ, Andreu Caravaca L, Martínez-Rodríguez A, Rubio-Arias JÁ. Effects of resistance circuit-based training on body composition, strength and cardiorespiratory fitness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biology. 2021;10(5):377.
  22. Welsh L, Rutherford OM, James I, Crowley C, Comer M, Wolman R. The acute effects of exercise on bone turnover. Int J Sports Med. 1997;18(4):247–51.
  23. Thomas E, Gentile A, Lakicevic N, Moro T, Bellafiore M, Paoli A, et al. The effect of resistance training programs on lean body mass in postmenopausal and elderly women: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2021;33(11):2941-52.
  24. Tosun A, Bölükbaşı N, Çıngı E, Beyazova M, Ünlü M. Acute effects of a single session of aerobic exercise with or without weight-lifting on bone turnover in healthy young women. Modern Rheumatology. 2006;16(5):300-4.
  25. Zittermann A, Sabatschus O, Jantzen S, Platen P, Danz A, Stehle P. Evidence for an acute rise of intestinal calcium absorption in response to aerobic exercise. European Journal of Nutrition. 2002;41(5):189-96.
  26. Whipple T, Le BH, Demers L, Chinchilli V, Petit M, Sharkey N, et al. Acute effects of moderate intensity resistance exercise on bone cell activity. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2004;25(07):496-501.
  27. Ashizawa N, Ouchi G, Fujimura R, Yoshida Y, Tokuyama K, SuzukiM. Effects of a single bout of resistance exercise on calcium and bone metabolism in untrained young males. Calcified Tissue International. 1998;62(2):104-8.
  28. Kristoffersson A, Hultdin J, Holmlund I, Thorsen K, Lorentzon R. Effects of short-term maximal work on plasma calcium, parathyroid hormone, osteocalcin and biochemical markers of collagen metabolism. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1995;16(03):145-9.
  29. Guillaume G, Chappard D, Audran M. Evaluation of the bone status in high-level cyclists. Journal of Clinical Densitometry. 2012;15(1):103-7.
  30. Gomez-Cabello A, Ara I, González-Agüero A, Casajus J, Vicente-Rodriguez G. Effects of training on bone mass in older adults. Sports Medicine. 2012;42(4):301-25.
  31. Maimoun L, Manetta J, Couret I, Dupuy A, Mariano-Goulart D, Micallef J, et al. The intensity level of physical exercise and the bone metabolism response. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2006;27(02):105-11.
  32. Brahm H, Piehl-Aulin K, Saltin B, Ljunghall S. Net fluxes overworking thigh of hormones, growth factors and biomarkers of bone metabolism during short lasting dynamic exercise. Calcified Tissue International. 1997;60(2):175-80.
  33. Malm HT, Ronni-Sivula HM, Viinikka LU, Ylikorkala OR. Marathon running accompanied by transient decreases in urinary calcium and serum osteocalcin levels. Calcified Tissue International. 1993;52(3):209-11.
  34. Maimoun L, Simar D, Caillaud C, Coste O, Barbotte E, Peruchon E, et al. Response of calciotropic hormones and bone turnover to brisk walking according to age and fitness level. Journal of science and medicine in sport. 2009;12(4):
    463-7.
  35. Moazami M, Jamali F. The effect of 6-months aerobic exercises on bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone in obese inactive woman. J Sport Biomotor Sci. 2014;10(2):71-8.

 

  1. Gombos GC, Bajsz V, Pék E, Schmidt B, Sió E, Molics B, et al. Direct effects of physical training on markers of bone metabolism and serum sclerostin concentrations in older adults with low bone mass. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2016;17(1):1-8.
  2. Hassanzadeh H, Gozashti M, Dehkhoda M, Kazemi A. The effect of calcium and vitamin d consumption and combined training on parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase of postmenopausal women. Medical journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. 2012;55(2):96-101.
  3. Trumbull A, Subramanian G, Yildirim-Ayan E. Mechanoresponsive musculoskeletal tissue differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells. Biomedical Engineering Online. 2016;15(1):1-27.
  4. Josse AR, Tang JE, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Body composition and strength changesin women with milk and resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(6):1122-30.
  5. Scragg R, Camargo Jr CA. Frequency of leisure-time physical activity and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in the US population: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2008;168(6):577-86.
  6. Kim S-W, Seo M-W, Jung H-C, Song J-K. Effects of high-impact weight-bearing exercise on bone mineral density and bone metabolism in middle-aged premenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Applied Sciences. 2021;11(2):846.
  7. Moghadasi M, Siavashpour S. The effect of 12 weeks of resistance training on hormones of bone formation in young sedentary women. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2013;113(1):25-32.
  8. Pilch W, Tyka A, Cebula A, Śliwicka E, Pilaczyńska-Szcześniak Ł. Effects of a 6-week Nordic walking training on changes in 25 (OH) D blood concentration in women aged over 55. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2016;57(1-2):4-9.
  9. Evans RK, Antczak AJ, Lester M, Yanovich R, Israeli E, Moran DS. Effects of a 4-month recruit training program on markers of bone metabolism. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2008;40(11):S660-S70.
  10. Holick MF. The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 2017;18(2):153-65.
  11. Liu X, Baylin A, Levy PD. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among US adults: prevalence, predictors and clinical implications. British Journal of Nutrition. 2018;119(8):928-36.
  12. Ten Haaf D, Balvers M, Timmers S, Eijsvogels T, Hopman M, Klein Gunnewiek J. Determinants of vitamin D status in physically active elderly in the Netherlands. European Journal of Nutrition. 2019;58(8):3121-8.
  13. Orces CH. Association between leisure-time aerobic physical activity and vitamin D concentrations among US older adults: The NHANES 2007–2012. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2019;31(5):685-93.
  14. Johansson H, Odén A, Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Morris HA, Cooper C, et al. A meta-analysis of reference markers of bone turnover for prediction of fracture. Calcified Tissue International. 2014;94(5):560-7.
  15. Jackman SR, Scott S, Randers MB, Ørntoft C, Blackwell J, Zar A, et al. Musculoskeletal health profile for elite female footballers versus untrained young women before and after 16 weeks of football training. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2013;31(13):1468-74.
  16. Helge E, Andersen TR, Schmidt JF, Jørgensen N, Hornstrup T, KrustrupP, et al. Recreational football improves bone mineral density and bone turnover marker profile in elderly men. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2014;24:98-104.

Fujimura R, Ashizawa N, Watanabe M, Mukai N, Amagai H, Fukubayashi T, et al. Effect of resistance exercise training on bone formation and resorption in young male subjects assessed by biomarkers of bone metabolism. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 1997;12(4):656-62

Sport Physiology
Volume 14, Issue 56
February 2023
Pages 51-82

  • Receive Date 24 February 2022
  • Revise Date 29 June 2022
  • Accept Date 02 July 2022