Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Abstract
Present study was designed to investigate the effects of different isotonic and isokinetic concentric contractions and 1h recovery (1h-rec) period on fibrinolytic factors. Ten healthy male subjects (26.9 ±1.7 years) completed two isotonic and isokinetic exercise protocols at an intensity corresponding to 40% of maximal voluntary isometric torque at 70̊ (MVIT 70̊) on quadriceps using Biodex Systems which was followed by 1h-rec. Venous blood samples (6 ml) were obtained before, immediately after exercise and at the end of recovery and were analyzed for tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA),plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), D-dimer and lactate concentration. All data were analyzed using repeated measures of ANOVA (2×3). Although both exercise trials irrespective of contraction type were followed by significant increases in t-PA and lactate (P<0.05), these increases were transient and returned to pre-exercise level at the end of 1h recovery. In addition, concentric isotonic contraction resulted in increases in both t-PA and lactate concentration compared to isokinetic contraction (P>0.05). Irrespective of contraction type, PAI-1 showed no significant changes after exercise but decreased significantly after 1h recovery (P>0.05). Not only, there was no significant differences between two type of contractions for PAI-1 (P>0.05), D-dimer, but also, responses of these variables to acute exercise and 1h recovery was not statistically significant(P>0.05). Based on thefindings of the present study,isotonic muscular contraction leads to more increases of t-PA and blood lactate levels in comprasion toisokinetic knee extension exercise, and that changes in PAI-1 and D-dimer are not related to muscle contraction type.
Keywords
1) خدمتگذار احسان، احمدی زاد سجاد، سلیمی آوانسر علیرضا. تاثیر تعاملی تمرین استقامتی و روزهداری بر غلظت پلاسمایی فاکتورهای فیبرینولیتیک در مردان. فیزیولوژی ورزشی. 1393؛ 6 (21): 30-15.
2) Lee KW, Lip GY. Effects of lifestyle on hemostasis, fibrinolysis, and platelet reactivity: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Oct 27;163(19):2368-92.
3) Smith JE. Effects of strenuous exercise on haemostasis. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37(5):433-5.
4) Sae Young J, Mercedes R, Eui Soo A, Kevin S, Yoon-Ho C, Moon-Kyu L, et al. Association between heart rate recovery after exercise testing and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, tissue plasminogen activator, and fibrinogen in apparently healthy men. Atherosclerosis. 2008;197:415-9.
5) El-Sayed MS, El-Sayed Ali Z, Ahmadizad S. Exercise and training effects on blood haemostasis in health and disease: an update. Sports Med. 2004;34(3):181-200.
6) Van den Burg PJ, Hospers JE, van Vliet M, Mosterd WL, Bouma BN, Huisveld IA. Effect of endurance training and seasonal fluctuation on coagulation and fibrinolysis in young sedentary men. J Appl Physiol. 1997 Feb;82(2):613-20.
7) El-Sayed MS. Effects of exercise on blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation. Sports Med. 1996 Nov;22(5):282-98.
8) El-Sayed MS. Fibrinolytic and hemostatic parameter response after resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993 May;25(5):597-602.
9) El-Sayed MS, Jones PG, Sale C. Exercise induces a change in plasma fibrinogen concentration: fact or fiction? Thromb Res. 1999 Dec 15;96(6):467-72.
10) Baynard T, Jacobs HM, Kessler CM, Kanaley JA, Fernhall B. Fibrinolytic markers and vasodilatory capacity following acute exercise among men of differing training status. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007 Nov;101(5):595-602.
11) Womack CJ, Nagelkirk PR, Coughlin AM. Exercise-induced changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis in healthy populations and patients with cardiovascular disease. Sports Med. 2003;33(11):795-807.
12) Remaud A, Cornu C, Guevel A. Neuromuscular adaptations to 8-week strength training: isotonic versus isokinetic mode. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010 Jan;108(1):59-69.
13) Kovaleski JE, Heitman RH, Trundle TL, Gilley WF. Isotonic preload versus isokinetic knee extension resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995 Jun;27(6):895-9.
14) Barroso R, Roschel H, Ugrinowitsch C, Araujo R, Nosaka K, Tricoli V. Effect of eccentric contraction velocity on muscle damage in repeated bouts of elbow flexor exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2010 Aug;35(4):534-40.
15) Guilhem G, Cornu C, Guevel A. Neuromuscular and muscle-tendon system adaptations to isotonic and isokinetic eccentric exercise. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2010 Jun;53(5):319-41.
16) Chen YW, Hubal MJ, Hoffman EP, Thompson PD, Clarkson PM. Molecular responses of human muscle to eccentric exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2003 Dec;95(6):2485-94.
17) Remaud A, Cornu C, Guevel A. Agonist muscle activity and antagonist muscle co-activity levels during standardized isotonic and isokinetic knee extensions. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2009 Jun;19(3):449-58.
18) Timon R, Olcina G, Tomas-Carus P, Munoz D, Toribio F, Raimundo A, et al. Urinary steroid profile after the completion of concentric and concentric/eccentric trials with the same total workload. J Physiol Biochem. 2009 Jun;65(2):105-12.
19) Durand RJ, Castracane VD, Hollander DB, Tryniecki JL, Bamman MM, O'Neal S, et al. Hormonal responses from concentric and eccentric muscle contractions. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003 Jun;35(6):937-43.
20) صدقی بهنام، کهریزی صدیقه، ذاکری حمید رضا، امیدفر کبری، رحمانی مظاهر. بررسی پاسخهای حاد نسبت به فعالیتهای انقباضی کانسنتریک، اکسنتریک و کانسنتریک-اکسنتریک در مردان جوان سالم. فیزیولوژی و فارماکولوژی. 1388؛ 13 (2): 28-216.
21) Iellamo F, Legramante JM, Raimondi G, Castrucci F, Damiani C, Foti C, et al. Effects of isokinetic, isotonic and isometric submaximal exercise on heart rate and blood pressure. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology. 1997;75(2):89-96.
22) Okamoto T, Masuhara M, Ikuta K. Cardiovascular responses induced during high-intensity eccentric and concentric isokinetic muscle contraction in healthy young adults. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2006 Jan;26(1):39-44.
23) اکبری نیا آتوسا، احمدیزاد سجاد، ابراهیم خسرو، باسامی مینو، شمشکی افسانه، کرمی رعنا. تاثیر انواع مختلف انقباض عضلانی آیزوکینتیک بر عوامل همودینامیک در مردان. توانبخشی نوین. 1392؛ 7 (2): 9-61.
24) Overend TJ, Versteegh TH, Thompson E, Birmingham TB, Vandervoort AA. Cardiovascular stress associated with concentric and eccentric isokinetic exercise in young and older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 Apr;55(4): 177-82.
25) Huggett DL, Elliott ID, Overend TJ, Vandervoort AA. Comparison of heart-rate and blood-pressure increases during isokinetic eccentric versus isometric exercise in older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2004 Apr;12(2):157-69.
26) کرمی رعنا، شمشکی افسانه، احمدی زاد سجاد، باسامی مینو، اکبری نیا آتوسا. مقایسه پاسخهای سیستم فیبرینولیتیک به انواع انقباض عضلانی آیزوکینتیک در مردان. المپیک. 1392؛ 21 (3): 98-87.
27) Remaud A, Cornu C, Guevel A. A methodologic approach for the comparison between dynamic contractions: influences on the neuromuscular system. J Athl Train. 2005 Oct-Dec;40(4):281-7.
28) Menzel K, Hilberg T. Coagulation and fibrinolysis are in balance after moderate exercise in middle-aged participants. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis. 2009;15(3):348-55.
29) Menzel K, Hilberg T. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in healthy, untrained subjects: effects of different exercise intensities controlled by individual anaerobic threshold. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011 Feb;111(2):253-60.
30) Hilberg T, Prasa D, Sturzebecher J, Glaser D, Schneider K, Gabriel HH. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis after extreme short-term exercise. Thromb Res. 2003 Mar 15;109(5-6):271-7.
31) Ribeiro J, Almeida-Dias A, Ascensao A, Magalhães J, Oliveira A, Carlson J, et al. Hemostatic response to acute physical exercise in healthy adolescents. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2007;10(3):164-9.
32) Jae S, Carnethon M, Ahn E, Heffernan K, Choi Y, Lee M, et al. Association between heart rate recovery after exercise testing and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, tissue plasminogen activator, and fibrinogen in apparently healthy men. Atherosclerosis. 2008;197(1):415-9.
33) Mustonen P, Lepantalo M, Lassila R. Physical exertion induces thrombin formation and fibrin degradation in patients with peripheral atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 1998;18(2):244-9.
34) Womack CJ, Ivey FM, Gardner AW, Macko RF. Fibrinolytic response to acute exercise in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Feb;33(2):214-9.
35) Purkayastha S, Cramer JT, Trowbridge CA, Fincher AL, Marek SM. Surface electromyographic amplitude-to-work ratios during isokinetic and isotonic muscle actions. Journal of athletic training. 2006;41(3):314-20.
36) Fernhall B, Szymanski L, Gorman P, Milani J, Paup D, Kessler C. Fibrinolytic activity is not dependent upon exercise mode in post-myocardial infarction patients. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology. 1998;78(3):247-52.
37) Ribeiro J, Almeida-Dias A, Oliveira AR, Mota J, Appell HJ, Duarte JA. Exhaustive exercise with high eccentric components induces prothrombotic and hypofibrinolytic responses in boys. Int J Sports Med. 2007 Mar;28(3):193-6.
38) McDermott MM, Ferrucci L, Liu K, Criqui MH, Greenland P, Green D, et al. D-dimer and inflammatory markers as predictors of functional decline in men and women with and without peripheral arterial disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Oct;53(10): 1688-96.
)