Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1
PhD Student of Exercise Physiology, Department of Sports Sciences, Bo.c., Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran
2
Professor, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3
Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Background and Purpose
It is projected that by 2030, approximately 552 million people worldwide, equating to 7.7% of the global population, will have type 2 diabetes. In Iran, the prevalence among adults surpasses the global average, reaching about 11% in 2023. Moreover, in 2019 diabetes was responsible for 22.1% of deaths and 11.5% of years of life lost due to disability from non-communicable diseases. Chronic hyperglycemia leads to severe complications including cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, stroke, and diabetic retinopathy. Recent research has identified a negative correlation between serum levels of C1q tumor necrosis factor–related protein 12 (CTRP12) and indices such as body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and glucose levels.
Different exercise modalities, including resistance, endurance, and interval training at varying intensities and durations, have been shown to influence CTRP12 synthesis and secretion. Thus, determining the optimal type of exercise that can favorably modulate metabolism, enhance caloric expenditure, and increase CTRP12 expression within adipose tissue remains critically important. This study aimed to investigate and compare the effects of very intense resistance training, endurance training, and interval training on CTRP12 gene expression in visceral adipose tissue, addressing prevailing ambiguities in this area.
Materials and Methods
In this experimental investigation, 48 obese rats diagnosed with or without type 2 diabetes (average weight 230 ± 16 g) were randomly allocated into six groups (n=8 each): 1) Healthy control (HE), 2) Diabetic control (DI), 3) Diabetic plus moderate-intensity resistance training (DI-MRT), 4) Diabetic plus high-intensity resistance training (DI-IRT), 5) Diabetic plus high-intensity interval training (DI-HIIT), and 6) Diabetic plus moderate-intensity continuous training (DI-AT).
Diabetes induction in male rats was achieved via a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight. The healthy controls received an equivalent volume of citrate buffer.
Training groups completed a 12-week regimen, five sessions per week. Endurance training entailed treadmill running on a rodent-specific 12-channel treadmill with sessions beginning at 6 minutes at 60% maximum speed (9 m/min), progressing to 21 minutes at this intensity, and peak speeds reaching 15 m/min by week twelve. Interval training incorporated warm-up and cool-down periods at 30% max speed, interspersed with high-intensity intervals increasing from 80% (12 m/min) to 90% (16 m/min). Resistance training involved ladder climbing at 60% or 80% of maximal voluntary load capacity, differing in intensity across moderate- and high-intensity groups.
Post-training, inguinal subcutaneous adipose tissue was promptly excised under anesthesia. Tissue homogenates underwent RNA extraction; complementary DNA was synthesized, and quantitative real-time PCR was performed to quantify CTRP12 gene expression.
One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test evaluated differences at a statistical significance level of p < 0.05.
Results
After 12 weeks, all exercise modalities—endurance, moderate- and high-intensity resistance, and high-intensity interval training—significantly increased CTRP12 gene expression in visceral adipose tissue compared to diabetic controls. Although small variations in expression between training groups were observed, these differences did not reach statistical significance. Interestingly, CTRP12 expression levels in all exercise groups remained significantly lower relative to healthy controls.
Conclusion
The findings demonstrate that endurance, resistance (both moderate and high intensity), and very intense interval training comparably upregulate CTRP12 gene expression in the visceral adipose tissue of obese type 2 diabetic rats.
Given CTRP12’s pivotal role in metabolic regulation and glucose homeostasis, this exercise interventions may partially mitigate diabetes-induced adipose tissue dysfunction.
Keywords: Aerobic Exercise, Resistance Training, Interval Training, CTRP12, Diabetes
Article Message
While conducted on animal models limiting direct human extrapolation, this research indicates that diverse training regimens similarly stimulate CTRP12 expression in diabetic adipose tissue, potentially improving metabolic health. These results support the inclusion of endurance and interval resistance training in clinical strategies aimed at controlling blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Further investigations are warranted to confirm translational applicability in humans.
Ethical Considerations
All animal protocols—including acclimatization, training, anesthesia, and euthanasia—conformed to International Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care standards and were approved by the Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Studies, University of Tehran (Ethic Code: ETHIC-202309-1090).
Authors’ Contributions
Conceptualization: Vahideh Riyahi, Hassan Morovvati
Data Collection: Vahideh Riyahi, Amir Khosravi
Data Analysis: Vahideh Riyahi, Amir Khosravi
Manuscript Writing: Vahideh Riyahi, Hassan Morovvati
Review and Editing: Hassan Morovvati, Amir Khosravi
Literature Review: Vahideh Riyahi, Hassan Morovvati
Project Management: Hassan Morovvati
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We extend our gratitude to all individuals who supported and facilitated this study.
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