The Effect of Combined and Separate Interventions of High-Intensity Interval Training and Eryngium Extract on Apoptosis Biomarkers in the Soleus Muscle of Male Rats with Type 2 Diabetes

Amer Bedno, Ghassan; Tofighi, Asghar; Jamali, Bahram; Shiri-Shahsavar, Mohammad Reza

doi:10.22089/spj.2025.18090.2376

The Effect of Combined and Separate Interventions of High-Intensity Interval Training and Eryngium Extract on Apoptosis Biomarkers in the Soleus Muscle of Male Rats with Type 2 Diabetes

Articles in Press

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

ghassan amer bedno ¹

asghar tofighi ²

Bahram Jamali ³

Mohammad Reza Shiri-Shahsavar ⁴

¹ Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

² Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Movement, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia

³ Department of Basic Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

⁴ Department of Nutrition, School of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran

10.22089/spj.2025.18090.2376

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) contributes to skeletal muscle damage through insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. This study investigated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and Eryngium extract—individually and combined—on apoptosis biomarkers in the soleus muscle of diabetic rats. Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. Diabetes was induced with STZ, followed by six weeks of HIIT and/or oral Eryngium extract (100 mg/kg). Results showed that HIIT alone and especially in combination with Eryngium significantly reduced Bax levels and increased Bcl-2 levels (p = 0.001). Eryngium alone had no significant effect (p > 0.05). The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio decreased significantly in all intervention groups, with the most marked improvement in the combined group. These findings indicate that combining HIIT with Eryngium extract may effectively reduce muscle apoptosis and improve mitochondrial protein balance in diabetic conditions.

Keywords

High-Intensity Interval Training

Eryngium Extract

Type 2 Diabetes

Apoptosis

Subjects