Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of combined training and green tea supplementation on concentrations of testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin plasma in overweight men. 24 sedentary overweight men (36.35±5.03 years) were randomly divided into three groups:1- supplement green tea+combined training, 2- placebo+combined training, 3-green tea supplement. The first and third groups were consumed one capsule (500mg) per day green tea supplements and the second group one capsule of starch supplements per day for 10 weeks. First and second groups began combined training (resistance training 60-75% one repetition maximum and 20 minutes of aerobic exercise intensity of 60-75% of maximum heart rate) for 10 weeks (three times a week and 2 hours a day). Blood samples were collected before and after supplementation and combined training to determine concentrations of testosterone and SH-BG plasma. Data was analyzed using ANOVA test (P≤0.05). Results Show that after 10 weeks of combined training were not significantly changes in the Concentrations of total testosterone, free testosterone and SH-BG plasma. Furthermore, no significant change in the Concentrations of total testosterone, free testosterone and SH-BG plasma, after taking green tea supplements was not found. Results of this study showed that 10 weeks combined training and green tea consumption didn’t effect on the Concentrations of total testosterone, free testosterone and SH-BG plasma. With regard to the efficacy of many herbal supplements may appear after prolonged use, it is recommended that next studies assess the effect of prolonged use of this plant
Keywords
- Green Tea Supplementation
- Combined Training
- Testosterone
- Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin Plasma
- Overweight men
Main Subjects
1. Alijani E. Human physiology (especially physical education and sport sciences). 1st ed. Tehran: Science and Sports Pub; 2003; 21. (In Persian).
2. Rasaii M J, Gaeini A, Nazem F. Hormonal adaptation in physical activities. 1st ed. Tehran: Tarbiat Modarres University Press; 1994; 11. (In Persian).
3. Ismail A A, Astley P, Cawood M, Short F, Wakelin K, Wheeler M. Testosterone assays: Guidelines for the provision of a clinical biochemistry service. Ann Clin Biochem. 1986; 23 (2): 135-45.
4. Liu P Y, Pincus S M, Takahashi P Y, Roebuck P D, Iranmanesh A, Keenan D M, et al. Aging attenuates both the regularity and joint synchrony of LH and testosterone secretion in normal men: Analyses via a model of graded GnRH receptor blockade. Am J Physiol. 2006; 290 (1): 34-41.
5. Dabbs J M, Dabbs G M. Heroes, rogues and lovers: Testosterone and behavior. New York: McGrawHill; 2000; 22: 213-5.
6. Brooks R V. Androgens. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1975; 4 (3): 503-20.
7. Rahimi R, Rohani H, Ebrahimi M. Effects of very short rest periods on testosterone to cortisol ratio during heavy resistance exercise in men. Apunts Medicina de l'Esport. 2011; 46(171): 145-9. (In Persian).
8. Guyton A. Text book of medical physiology. (Ahmadreza Niavarani, Trans). 9th ed. Tehran: Tabib Pub; 1996; 1614. (In Persian)
9. Karkoulias K, Habeos I, Charokopos N, Tsiamita M, Mazarakis A, Pouli A, et al. Hormonal responses to marathon running in non-elite athletes. Eur J Intern Med. 2008; 19 (8): 598-601.
10. Shakeri N, Nikbakht H, Azarbayjani M, Amirtash A. The effects of strength training, endurance and a combination of testosterone and cortisol untrained young men. Sport Sciences. 2012: 3(8): 97-115. (In Persian).
11. Daly W, Seegers C A, Dobrin D A, Dobridge J D, Hackney A C. Relationship between stress hormones and testosterone with prolonged endurance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005; 93(4): 375-80.
12. Marandi S M, Mohebi H, Ghrekhanloo R, Naderi Gh. Reactions IGFBPs, IGF-I, LH and testosterone to a session of intense physical activity. Olympic Quarterly. 2005: 28(4): 7-16. (In Persian).
13. Gorzi A, Agha Alinejad H, Rajabi H, Azad A, Molanouri Shamsi M, Hedayati M. Effect of concurrent, strength and endurance training on hormones, lipids and inflammatory characteristics of untrained men. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2012: 6(13): 614-29. (In Persian).
14. Frei B, Higdon J. Antioxidant activity of tea polyphenols in vivo: Evidence from animal studies. The Journal of nutrition. 2003; 133 (10): 3275s-84s.
15. Mandel S, Weinreb O, Reznichenk L, Kafon L, Amit T. Green tea catechins as brain-permeable, non-toxic iron chelators to ‘iron out iron’ from the brain. Oxidative Stress and Neuroprotection. Springer Vienna. 2006; 71: 249–57.
16. Ostrowska J, Skrzydlewska E. The comparison of effect of catechins and green tea extract on oxidative modification of LDL in vitro. Advances in medical sciences. 2005; 51: 298–303.
17. Crespy V, Williamson G. A review of the health effects of green tea catechins in in vivo animal models. J Nutr. 2004; 134 (12): 3431–40.
18. Yang C S, Kim S, Yang G Y, Lee M J, Liao J, Chung J Y, et al. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea: Bioavailability of tea polyphenols and mechanisms of actions. Proc Exp Bio Med. 1999; 220(4): 21317.
19. Lung H L, Ip W K, Wong C K, Mak N K, Chen Z Y, Leung K N. Anti-proliferative and differentiation inducing activities of the green tea catechin epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the human eosinophilic leukemia EoL-1 cell line. Life sciences. 2002; 72(3): 257-68.
20. Chisato N C, Michinori K B, Hiroyuki Sh. Association of coffee, green tea, and caffeine intakes with serum concentrations of estradiol and sexhormone‐binding globulin in premenopausal Japanese women of public health. Journal Nutrition and Cancer; 1998; 30 (1): 21-4.
21. Kao Y H, Hiipakka R A, Liao S. Modulation of endocrine systems and food intake by green tea epigllocatechin gallate. Endocrinology. 1999; 141 (3); 980-7.
22. Zolfaghary M, Taghian F, Hedayati M. Comparing the effect of green tea extract consumption, aerobic exercise and combination of these two methods on CRP Level in obese women. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2013; 20(110): 9-21. (In Persian)
23. Heyward V H, Gibson A L. Advanced fitness assessment and exercise prescription. 6th ed. (A. Azad, M. R. Hamedinia, H. Rajabi & A. Gaeini, Trans). 1th ed. Tehran: Samt Pub; 2013. Pp. 171.
24. Assarzade Noushabadi M, Abedi B. Effects of combination training on insulin resistance index and some inflammatory markers in inactive men. Quarterly of Ofoghe Danesh. 2012: 18(3): 95-101. (In Persian).
25. Hiruntrakul A, Nanagara R, Emasithi A, Katarina T B. Effect of endurance exercise on resting testosterone levels in sedentary subjects. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2010; 18(3): 169–72.
26. Moradi H, Amir Sasan R, Sari Sarraf V. The effect of concurrent exercises on testosterone to cortisol ratio in nonathlete males. Annals of Biological Research. 2012; 3(6): 2776-80. (In Persian).
27. Berg U, Enqvist J K, Mattsson C M, Carlsson- Skwirut C, Sundberg C J, Ekblom B, et al. Lack of sex differences in the IGF-IGF BP response to ultra-endurance exercise. J Med Sci Sport. 2008; 18(7): 706-14.
28. Mirghani S J, alinejad H A, Arshadi S, Ayaz A, Korpi J G, Fakourian A. Effect eight weeks strength, endurance and concurrent training on blood serum cortisol/ testosterone ratio and muscular fitness in soldiers wrestler. J Army Univ Med Sci. 2013; 11(3): 211-8. (In Persian).
29. Sohaily S, Soori R, Rezaeian N. Hormonal adaptations to moderate-intensity endurance training in sedentary obese men. Koomesh. 2013; 14(2): 181-91. (In Persian).
30. Soori R, Rezaeian N, Salehian O. Effects of high and low intensity endurance training on levels of leptin, cortisol, testosterone, growth hormone, and insulin resistance index in sedentary obese men. Journal of Sport in Biomotor Sciences. 2012-2013; 6(2): 17-28. (In Persian).
31. Lu S S, Lau C P, Tung Y F, Huang S W, Chen Y H, Shih H C, Tsai S C, Lu C C, Wang S W, et al. Lactate and effects of exercise on testosterone secretion: Evidence for the involvement of a cAMP-mediated mechanism. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997; 29 (8): 1048-54.
32. Ratamess N A, Kraemer W J, Volek J S, Maresh C M, Vanheest J L, Sharman M J. et al. Androgen receptor content following heavy resistance exercise in men. J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol. 2005; 93 (1): 35-43.
33. Fahrner C L, Hackney A C. Effects of endurance exercise on free testosterone concentration and the binding affinity of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Int J Sports Med. 1998; 19 (1): 12-5.
34. Pasquali R, Casimirri F, Balestra V, Flamia R, Melchionda N, Fabbri R et al. The relative contribution of androgens and insulin in determining abdominal fat distribution in premenopausal women. J Endocrinol Invest. 1991; 14(10): 839.
35. Peiris A N, Sothmann M S, Aiman E J, Kissebah A H. The relationship of insulin to sex hormone binding globulin: Role of adiposity. Fertil Steril. 1989; 52(1): 69.
36. Sadr M S, Najafian M, Zareian M, Kargar H. Brassica oleracea (Broccoli) hydro-alcoholic extract effect on concentration of LH, FSH and Testosterone hormones in male adult rats. Jentashapir Journal of Health Research. 2012; 2(4): 101-10. (In Persian).
37. Żebrowska A, Kochańska-Dziurowicz A, Stanjek-Cichoracka A. Association between serum concentrations of anabolic hormones and their binding proteins in response to graded exercise in male athletes. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. 2012; 6 (6): 249-52.
38. Hawkins V N, Foster-Schubert K, Chubak J, Sorensen B, Ulrich C M, Stancyzk F Z, et al. Effect of exercise on serum sex hormones in men: A 12-month randomized clinical trial. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2008; 40(2): 223–33.
39. Kraemer W J, Fragala M S, Watson G, Volek J S, Rubin M R, French D N. Hormonal responses to a 160-km race across frozen Alaska. Brit J Sport Med. 2008; 42 (2): 116–20.
40. Joseph M Z, Paul D T, Stephen J W. Winters exercise increases serum testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin levels in older men. Metabolism. 1996; 45(8): 935-9.
41. Sourati Jabloo D, Attarzadeh Hosseini S, Sayadpour Zanjani D, Ahmadi A. Effects of resistance and endurance exercises on androgens, cortisol and lactate in elderly women. Tehran University Medical Journal. 2012; 70(2): 110-8. (In Persian).
42. Sourati Jabloo D, Attarzadeh Hosseini S, Sayadpour Zanjani D, Ahmadi A, Mansouri J. Comparison of resistance and endurance exercises on testosterone to cortisol ratio in post-menopausal women. Shahed Journal System Bimonthly Official Publication Medical Daneshvar. 2012; 19(97): 69-78. (In Persian).
43. Atai L, Moattar F, Hanachi P, Seharkhiz M, Ghasempoor Z, Atai A. The effect of ginger extract, bindii, ginkgo biloba, panax ginseng and soya hispida in aerobic capacity of endurance athletes. Journal of Sport and Biomotor Sciences. 2010; 1 (3): 48-55. (In Persian).
44. Marina S F, Juliany S B, Vieira C, Disleide S L, Ruben C O. Green tea polyphenols inhibit testosterone production in rat Leydig cells. Asian Journal of Andrology. 2009; 11: 362–70.
45. Grant P, Ramasamy Sh. An update on plant derived anti-androgens. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 10(2): 497-502.
46. Rong Zhou J, Lunyin Y, Zhong Y, Blackburn G L. Combined inhibition of estrogen-dependent human breast carcinoma by soy and tea bioactive components in mice. IJC International Journal of Cancer. 2004; 108 (1): 8–14.
47. Gupta S, Nihal A, Rajiv R, Mohan Mirza M, Mukhtar H, Mukhtar H. Prostate cancer chemoprevention by green tea: In vitro and in vivo inhibition of testosterone-mediated induction of ornithine decarboxylase. Cancer Research. 1999; 59 (1): 2115– 20.
)