Sport Physiology

Sport Physiology

Effect of Six Weeks Endurance Training on Gene Expression of Apoptotic and Anti-Apoptotic in Left Ventricle Cardiac of Elderly Male Rats

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Atefeh Ahmadnia 1
Mohamad Fashi 2
Mohammad Reza Asad 3
1 M.Sc. of Sport Physiology, Payame Noor University of karaj
2 Assistant Professor of Sport Physiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran
3 Associate Professor of Sport Physiology, Payame Noor University
10.22089/spj.2018.4865.1656
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluation the effect of 6 weeks continuous endurance training (CET) on Caspase-3 and metallothionein-2 in left ventricular Cardiac tissue of male rats.14 elderly male rats divided to two group’s control (n=7) and endurance training (n=7) (65% - 70% maximum speed). Gene expression of Caspase-3 and metallothionein-2 were assessment by Real time - PCR and the quantification of gene expression levels using the formula 2-ΔΔct were used by Independent t-test. The results showed that the 6 weeks of d CET leads to non-significant decrease in Gene expression of Caspase-3 (P=0.078) and non-significant increase of metallothionein-2 (P=0.513). It seems, continuous endurance training does not to cause apoptotic damage in elderly people and can be used in this population.
Keywords
Caspase-3
Metallothionein-2
Left Ventricular Tissue
Continuous Endurance Activity
Apoptosis
Subjects
  1. Wheeler HE, Kim SK. Genetics and genomics of human ageing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 2011; 366(1561):43-50.
  2. Tacutu R, Craig T, Budovsky A, Wuttke D, Lehmann G, Taranukha D, Costa J, Fraifeld VE, De Magalhães JP. Human ageing genomic resources: Integrated databases and tools for the biology and genetics of ageing. Nucleic acids Research. 2012;41(D1): 1027-33
  3. Vina J, Borras C, Miquel J. Theories of ageing. IUBMB life. 2007; 59(4‐5):     249-54.
  4. Rattan SI. Increased molecular damage and heterogeneity as the basis of aging. Biological Chemistry. 2008;389(3):267-72.
  5. Romano AD, Serviddio G, de Matthaeis A, Bellanti F, Vendemiale G. Oxidative stress and aging. Journal of Nephrology. 2010;23: 29-36.
  6. Burgoyne JR, Mongue-Din H, Eaton P, Shah AM. Redox signaling in cardiac physiology and pathology. Circulation Research. 2012;111(8):1091-106.
  7. Fiechter M, Fuchs TA, Gebhard C, Stehli J, Klaeser B, Stähli BE, et al. Age-related normal structural and functional ventricular values in cardiac function assessed by magnetic resonance. BMC medical imaging. 2013;13(1):2-6.
  8. Khoshtabiat L, Mahdavi M. The role of oxidative stress in proliferation and cell death. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2015;25(127):130-45. (In Persian).
  9. Afzalpour ME, Gharakhanlou R, Gaeini AA, Mohebbi H, Hedayati M, Khazaei M. The effects of aerobic exercises on the serum oxidized LDL and total antioxidant capacity in non-active men. CVD prevention and control. 2008;3(2):77-82.
  10. Naghizadeh H, Banparvari M, Salehikia A. Effect of one course exercise with consumption vitamin E on antioxidant status and cardiovascular risk factors. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2010, 1;12(1):32-39.
  11. Dröge W. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiological reviews. 2002;82(1):47-95.
  12. Jiang X, Wang X. Cytochrome C-mediated apoptosis. Annual review of biochemistry. 2004;73:87-106.
  13. Hepple RT. Impact of aging on mitochondrial function in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2016;98:177-86.
  14. Kwak HB, Kim JH, Joshi K, Yeh A, Martinez DA, Lawler JM. Exercise training reduces fibrosis and matrix metalloproteinase dysregulation in the aging rat heart. The FASEB Journal. 2011;25(3):1106-17.
  15. Kwak HB. Effects of aging and exercise training on apoptosis in the heart. Journal of exercise rehabilitation. 2013;9(2):212-9.
  16. Kanter M, Aksu F, Takir M, Kostek O, Kanter B, Oymagil A. Effects of low intensity exercise against apoptosis and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat heart. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2017; 125(09): 583-91.
  17. Rahimi M, Asgari AR, Khoshbaten A. The role of exercise preconditioning in cardioprotection against ischemia reperfusion injury. Physiology and Pharmacology. 2014;18(2):122-43. (In Persian).
  18. Ulbrich AZ, Angarten VG, Netto AS, Sties SW, Bündchen DC, de Mara LS, et al. Comparative effects of high intensity interval training versus moderate intensity continuous training on quality of life in patients with heart failure: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Trials and Regulatory Science in Cardiology. 2016;13:21-8.
  19. Lamprecht M. Antioxidants in sport nutrition. Boca Raton, CRC Press; 1st Edition, 2014.
  20. Siu PM, Bryner RW, Martyn JK, Alway SE. Apoptotic adaptations from exercise training in skeletal and cardiac muscles. The FASEB Journal. 2004;18(10):    1150-2.
  21. Zhang JH, Zhang Y, Herman B. Caspases, apoptosis and aging. Ageing research reviews. 2003;2(4):357-66.
  22. Creagh, E. M., and S. J. Martin. "Caspases: cellular demolition experts. Biochemical Society Transactions". 2001. 29(6): 696-702.
  23. Konstantinidis K, Whelan RS, Kitsis RN. Mechanisms of cell death in heart disease. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 2012;32(7):155262.
  24. Dirks A, Leeuwenburgh C. Apoptosis in skeletal muscle with aging. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2002;282(2):519-27.
  25. Burgess DH, Svensson M, Dandrea T, Grönlund K, Hammarquist F, Orrenius S, Cotgreave IA. Human skeletal muscle cytosols are refractory to cytochrome c-dependent activation of type-II caspases and lack APAF-1. Cell Death & Differentiation. 1999;6(3): 251-61.
  26. Pollack M, Phaneuf S, Dirks A, Leeuwenburgh C. The role of apoptosis in the normal aging brain, skeletal muscle, and heart. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002;959(1):93-107.
  27. Sandri M, Carraro U, Podhorska-Okolov M, Rizzi C, Arslan P, Monti D, et al. Apoptosis, DNA damage and ubiquitin expression in normal and mdx muscle fibers after exercise. FEBS letters. 1995;373(3):291-5.
  28. Urbanek K, Quaini F, Tasca G, Torella D, Castaldo C, Nadal-Ginard B, et al. Intense myocyte formation from cardiac stem cells in human cardiac hypertrophy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2003;100(18):10440-5.
  29. Lakatta EG. Why cardiovascular function may decline with age. Geriatrics. 1987; 42(6):84-7, 91-4.
  30. Zalewska M, Trefon J, Milnerowicz H. The role of metallothionein interactions with other proteins. Proteomics. 2014;14(11):1343-56.
  31. Gurel Z, Ozcelik D, Dursun S. Apoptotic rate and metallothionein levels in the tissues of cadmium-and copper-exposed rats. Biological Trace Element Research. 2007;116(2):203-17.
  32. Capdevila M, Atrian S. Metallothionein protein evolution: A miniassay. Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry. 2011;16(7):977-89
  33. Jing L, Li L, Zhao J, Zhao J, Sun Z, Peng S. Zinc-induced metallothionein overexpression prevents doxorubicin toxicity in cardiomyocytes by regulating the peroxiredoxins. Xenobiotica. 2016;46(8):715-25.
  34. Zhang Y, Li L, Hua Y, Nunn JM, Dong F, Yanagisawa M, et al. Cardiac-specific knockout of ETA receptor mitigates low ambient temperature-induced cardiac hypertrophy and contractile dysfunction. Journal of Molecular Cell Biology. 2012;4(2):97-107.
  35. Sinha RP, Häder DP. UV-induced DNA damage and repair: A review. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 2002;1(4):225-36.
  36. Fashi M, Agha-Alinejad H, Mahabadi HA, Rezaei B, Pakrad BB, Rezaei S. The effects of aerobic exercise on NF-κB and TNF-α in lung tissue of male rat. Novelty in Biomedicine. 2015;3(3):131-4.
  37. Thomas C, Bishop D, Moore-Morris T, Mercier J. Effects of high-intensity training on MCT1, MCT4, and NBC expressions in rat skeletal muscles: influence of chronic metabolic alkalosis. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2007;293(4):916-22.
  38. Burniston JG. Adaptation of the rat cardiac proteome in response to intensity‐controlled endurance exercise. Proteomics. 2009;9(1):106-15.
  39. Rodrigues B, Figueroa DM, Mostarda CT, Heeren MV, Irigoyen MC, De Angelis K. Maximal exercise test is a useful method for physical capacity and oxygen consumption determination in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Cardiovascular diabetology. 2007;6(1):38-49.
  40. Yuan JS, Reed A, Chen F, Stewart CN. Statistical analysis of real-time PCR data. BMC bioinformatics. 2006;7(1):85-96.
  41. Kwak HB, Song W, Lawler JM. Exercise training attenuates age-induced elevation in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, apoptosis, and remodeling in the rat heart. The FASEB Journal. 2006;20(6):791-3.
  42. Putri M. The effects of aerobic exercise and detraining on left ventricular cardiomyocyte apoptosis. YARSI Medical Journal. 2017;24(3):157-65.
  43. Fang CX, Doser TA, Yang X, Sreejayan N, Ren J. Metallothionein antagonizes aging‐induced cardiac contractile dysfunction: role of PTP1B, insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation and Akt. Aging Cell. 2006;5(2):177-85.
  44. Li P, Nijhawan D, Budihardjo I, Srinivasula SM, Ahmad M, Alnemri ES, Wang X. Cytochrome c and dATP-dependent formation of Apaf-1/caspase-9 complex initiates an apoptotic protease cascade. Cell. 1997;91(4):479-89.
  45. Podhorska-Okołów M, Dziegiel P, Dolińska-Krajewska B, Dumańska M, Cegielski M, Jethon Z, et al. Expression of metallothionein in renal tubules of rats exposed to acute and endurance exercise. Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica. 2006;44(3):195-200.
  46. Jolazadeh, T, Dabidi Roshan, V, Mirdar. Sh. Apoptosis in cardiac cells in response to acute exercise protocol: journal of applied exercise physiology.  2010;6(11):27-36. (In Persian).
  47. Shabani M, Sherafati Moghadam M, Daryanoosh F. Effect of four weeks high intensity interval training versus aerobic exercise on metallothionein levels of myocardial tissue in rats. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. 2016;3(86):14-9. (In Persian).
  48. Chen TI, Chen MY. Zinc is indispensable in exercise-induced cardioprotection against intermittent hypoxia-induced left ventricular function impairment in rats. PloS one. 2016;11(12):168600.
  49. Wang GW, Zhou Z, Klein JB, Kang YJ. Inhibition of hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis in metallothionein-overexpressing cardiomyocytes. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2001;280(5):2292-9.
Sport Physiology
Volume 11, Issue 42 - Serial Number 42
Summer 2019
Summer 2019
Pages 31-46

  • Receive Date 05 October 2017
  • Revise Date 05 March 2018
  • Accept Date 07 April 2018