Sport Physiology

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Article Processing Charges (APC)

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Reviewers

Terms and conditions for manuscript submission

Submission Instruction

Forms

Peer Review Process

The Effects of Two Models of Training with Different Days of Rest-to-Training Ratios and Natural Honey Supplementation on Serum Concentration of Interleukin-6 and its Hippocampal Gene Expression in Male Immature Rats

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

2 Associate Professor of Exercise Physiology, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

3 M.Sc. in Applied Exercise Physiology, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

Abstract

This study was designed to investigate the effects of two models of training with different days of rest-to-training ratios of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and natural honey supplementation on serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and its expression in the hippocampus of immature Wistar rats. Thirty-six male rats were randomly assigned into six groups: control; honey (10% in drinking water); 4-day strenuous interval training; 4-day strenuous interval training+honey; 7-day strenuous interval training; and 7-day strenuous interval training+honey. They underwent HIIT (from 10-16 m/min in the first week to 36-40 in the last week) during 4-day (three days training, one day rest) and 7-day (six days training, one day rest) models for a month. Results demonstrated that the serum concentration of IL-6 was significantly (P=0.001) higher in the 7-day program in comparison with the control group.  Supplementation with honey in the 7-day group resulted in a lower level of serum IL-6 compared with 7-day group alone (P=0.018). There was no significant difference between four days and control groups (P=0.946). Both 7-day (P=0.007) and 4-day (P=0.005) training programs lead to a significantly higher level of gene expression of IL-6 in the hippocampus. However, honey supplementation didn’t modulate hippocampal gene expression in 4-day-honey (P=0.983) and 7-day-honey groups (P=0.583). Therefore, HIIT increases hippocampal gene expression of IL-6; however, longer period of training cause increase systemic inflammatory cytokines. Although honey supplementation couldn't adjust the central effect of the intensive interval training, it can ameliorate systemic inflammation. Also, honey hasn't anti-inflammatory effect in non-training and non-inflammatory conditions.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References
  1. Andersen SL. Trajectories of brain development: point of vulnerability or window of opportunity? Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2003;27(1-2):3-18.
  2. Uysal N, Tugyan K, Kayatekin BM, Acikgoz O, Bagriyanik HA, Gonenc S, et al. The effects of regular aerobic exercise in adolescent period on hippocampal neuron density, apoptosis and spatial memory. Neurosci Lett. 2005;383(3):241-45.
  3. Kim T-W, Ji E-S, Kim T-W, Lee S-W, Lee C-Y, Lee S-J. Postnatal treadmill exercise attenuates prenatal stress-induced apoptosis through enhancing serotonin expression in aged-offspring rats. J Exerc Rehabil. 2015;11(1):12-9.
  4. Gibala MJ, McGee SL. Metabolic adaptations to short-term high-intensity interval training: a little pain for a lot of gain? Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2008;36(2):58-63.
  5. De Almeida AA, da Silva SG, Fernandes J, Peixinho-Pena LF, Scorza FA, Cavalheiro EA, et al. Differential effects of exercise intensities in hippocampal BDNF, inflammatory cytokines and cell proliferation in rats during the postnatal brain development. Neurosci Lett. 2013;553:1-6.
  6. Secher NH, Seifert T, Van Lieshout JJ. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism during exercise: implications for fatigue. J Appl Physiol. 2008;104:306-14.
  7. Chennaoui M, Drogou C, Gomez-Merino D. Effects of physical training on IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-1ra concentrations in various brain areas of the rat. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2008;19(1):8-14.
  8. Colbert L, Davis J, Essig D, Ghaffar A, Mayer E-P. Tissue expression and plasma concentrations of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 following treadmill exercise in mice. Int J Sports Med. 2001;22(04):261-7.
  9. Zhang J-M, An J. Cytokines, inflammation and pain. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2007;45(2):27-37.
  10. Smith LL. Overtraining, excessive exercise, and altered immunity. Sports Med. 2003;33(5):347-64.
  11. Wang W-Y, Tan M-S, Yu J-T, Tan L. Role of pro-inflammatory cytokines released from microglia in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Transl Med. 2015;3(10):136-51.
  12. Suzuki K, Nakaji S, Yamada M, Totsuka M, Sato K, Sugawara K. Systemic inflammatory response to exhaustive exercise. Cytokine kinetics. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2002;8:6-48.
  13. European journal of pharmacologyInternational journal of biological sciencesBoots AW, Haenen GR, Bast A. Health effects of quercetin: from antioxidant to nutraceutical. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;585(2-3):325-37.
  14. Erta M, Quintana A, Hidalgo J. Interleukin-6, a major cytokine in the central nervous system. Int J Biol Sci. 2012;8(9):1254-66.
  15. Lou S-j, Liu J-y, Chang H, Chen P-j. Hippocampal neurogenesis and gene expression depend on exercise intensity in juvenile rats. Brain Res. 2008;1210:48-55.
  16. De Almeida AA, Gomes da Silva S, Fernandes J, Peixinho-Pena LF, Scorza FA, Cavalheiro EA, et al. Differential effects of exercise intensities in hippocampal BDNF, inflammatory cytokines and cell proliferation in rats during the postnatal brain development. Neurosci Lett. 2013;553:1-6.
  17. Lezi E, Burns JM, Swerdlow RH. Effect of high-intensity exercise on aged mouse brain mitochondria, neurogenesis, and inflammation. Neurobiol Aging. 2014;35(11):2574-83.
  18. De Souza DC, Matos VAF, Dos Santos VOA, Medeiros IF, Marinho CSR, Nascimento PRP, et al. Effects of High-Intensity Interval and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on Inflammatory, Leptin, IgA, and Lipid Peroxidation Responses in Obese Males. Front Physiol. 2018;9:567-76.
  19. Heavens KR, Szivak TK, Hooper DR, Dunn-Lewis C, Comstock BA, Flanagan SD, et al. The effects of high intensity short rest resistance exercise on muscle damage markers in men and women. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(4):1041-9.
  20. Navalta JW, Tibana RA, Fedor EA, Vieira A, Prestes J. Three consecutive days of interval runs to exhaustion affects lymphocyte subset apoptosis and migration. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:1-6
  21. Ghazali WSW, Romli AC, Mohamed M. Effects of honey supplementation on inflammatory markers among chronic smokers: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):175-81.
  22. Vallianou N, Gounari P, Skourtis A, Panagos J, Kazazis C. Honey and its anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant properties. Gen Med (Los Angel). 2014;2(132):1-5.
  23. Hadagali MD, Chua LS. The anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties of honey. Eur Food Res Technol. 2014;239(6):1003-14.
  24. Salehian O, Rashidi M, Sedaghat M. Oral supplementation of natural honey and levels of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory plasma cytokines during 10-week of intensive tread-mill training in endurance-trained athletes. Biomed Res-India. 2014;25(4):   459-62.
  25. Chepulis LM, Starkey NJ, Waas JR, Molan PC. The effects of long-term honey, sucrose or sugar-free diets on memory and anxiety in rats. Physiol Behav. 2009;97 (3-4):359-68.
  26. Prakash A, Medhi B, Avti PK, Saikia UN, Pandhi P, Khanduja KL. Effect of different doses of Manuka honey in experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease in rats. Phytother Res. 2008;22(11):1511-9.
  27. Camelia Adly Abdel Malak KAKE, Mahmoud Mohamed Howas, Eslam Samy Elsherbiny. Protective Effect of Honey and Propolis against Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Biochemistry. 2015;5(2):1-4.
  28. Shepherd R, Gollnick P. Oxygen uptake of rats at different work intensities. Pflug Arch. 1976;362(3):219-22.
  29. Mohebbi H, Garekani ET, Hedayati M, Fathi R. Effects of exercise training on high molecular weight adiponectin in healthy male rat. IJEM. 2009;11(3): 315-21. (in persian).
  30. Bijeh N, Hejazi K, Delpasand A. Acute and Chronic Responses of Serum Leptin Hormone to Different Intensities of Exercise in Rats with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Pathobio Res. 2015;18(1):95-106. (in persian).
  31. Vincent HK, Powers SK, Stewart DJ, Demirel HA, Shanely RA, Naito H. Short-term exercise training improves diaphragm antioxidant capacity and endurance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000;81(1-2):67-74.
  32. Freitas DA, Rocha-Vieira E, Soares BA, Nonato LF, Fonseca SR, Martins JB, et al. High intensity interval training modulates hippocampal oxidative stress, BDNF and inflammatory mediators in rats. Physiol Behav. 2018;184:6-11.
  33. Zwetsloot KA, John CS, Lawrence MM, Battista RA, Shanely RA. High-intensity interval training induces a modest systemic inflammatory response in active, young men. J Inflamm Res. 2014;7:9-17.
  34. Gorzi A, Ekradi S, Rahmani A. The Effect of 8 Weeks of Sprint Interval Training on Oxidative and Antioxidative Capacity of Heart, Liver and Skeletal Muscle in Male Wistar Rats. Sport Phys. 2018;10(37):123-38. (in persian).
  35. Powers SK, Criswell D, Lawler J, Martin D, Lieu F, Ji LL, et al. Rigorous exercise training increases superoxide dismutase activity in ventricular myocardium. Am J Physiol. 1993;265(6):2094-8.
  36. Dorak MT. Real-time PCR. Newcastle:Taylor & Francis Group; 2007:1-307
  37. Sahhugi Z, Hasenan SM, Jubri Z. Protective effects of gelam honey against oxidative damage in young and aged rats. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014;2014:1-9.
  38. Erejuwa OO, Sulaiman SA, Ab Wahab MS. Honey: a novel antioxidant. Molecules. 2012;17(4):4400-23.
  39. Tavafzadeh SS, Ooi FK, Chen CK, Sulaiman SA. Changes in Bone Metabolism and Antioxidant Status with Combined Exercise and Honey Supplementation in Young Female Rats. J Exerc Sports Orthop. 2015;2(2):1-8.
  40. Ma Y, Gao M, Sun H, Liu D. Interleukin-6 gene transfer reverses body weight gain and fatty liver in obese mice. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015;1852(5):1001-11.
  41. Smith LL. Cytokine hypothesis of overtraining: a physiological adaptation to excessive stress? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(2):317-31.
  42. Gorzi A, Tofighi A, Amiri B. The effects of curcumin supplementation on oxidative stress induced during strenuous endurance training on the kidney and lung tissue. SJKUMS. 2017;13(25):75-86. (in persian).
  43. Freitas DA, Rocha-Vieira E, Soares BA, Nonato LF, Fonseca SR, Martins JB, et al. High intensity interval training modulates hippocampal oxidative stress, BDNF and inflammatory mediators in rats. Physiol Behav. 2018;184:6-11.
  44. Sheikholeslami-vatani D, Eidi A, Boubani B, Abdi M. The effects of one vs. two exhaustive sessions exercise on Cortisol, TNF-α and Adenosine Deaminase enzyme in endurance runners. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. 2012;16(2):109-18. (in persian).
  45. Cabral-Santos C, Castrillón CI, Miranda RA, Monteiro PA, Inoue DS, Campos EZ, et al. Inflammatory cytokines and BDNF response to high-intensity intermittent exercise: effect the exercise volume. Front Physiol. 2016;7:509-17.
  46. Mogharnasi M, Gaeini A, Sheikholeslami Vatani D. Comparing the effects of two training methods of aerobic and anaerobic on some pre-inflammatory cytokines in adult male rats. IJEM. 2010;11(2):191-8. (in persian).
  47. Pedersen BK. Exercise and cytokines. Immunol Cell Biol. 2000;78(5):532-5.
  48. Nasuti C, Gabbianelli R, Falcioni G, Cantalamessa F. Antioxidative and gastroprotective activities of anti-inflammatory formulations derived from chestnut honey in rats. Nutr Res. 2006;26(3):130-7.
  49. Chepulis LM. The effects of honey compared with sucrose and a sugar-free diet on neutrophil phagocytosis and lymphocyte numbers after long-term feeding in rats. JCIM. 2007;4(1):1-7.
  50. Jalili L, Hajizadeh B, Mohammadzadeh H, Tartibian B. The effects of honey solution before maximal aerobic exercise on immune respones in active young men. J Urmia Univ Med Sci. 2010;21(2):235-42. (in persian).
  51. Tartibian B, Maleki BH. The effects of honey supplementation on seminal plasma cytokines, oxidative stress biomarkers, and antioxidants during 8 weeks of intensive cycling training. J Androl. 2012;33(3):449-61.
  52. Samarghandian S, Farkhondeh T, Samini F. Honey and Health: A Review of Recent Clinical Research. Pharmacognosy Res. 2017;9(2):121-7.
  53. Samarghandian S, Farkhondeh T, Samini F. Honey and health: A review of recent clinical research. Pharmacogn Res. 2017;9(2):121-7.
  54. Tonks AJ, Cooper R, Jones K, Blair S, Parton J, Tonks A. Honey stimulates inflammatory cytokine production from monocytes. Cytokine. 2003;21(5):242-7.
  55. Buba F, Gidado A, Shugaba A. Analysis of biochemical composition of honey samples from North-East Nigeria. Biochem Anal Biochem. 2013;2(3):139-46.
  56. Wang J, Vanegas SM, Du X, Noble T, Zingg J-MA, Meydani M, et al. Caloric restriction favorably impacts metabolic and immune/inflammatory profiles in obese mice but curcumin/piperine consumption adds no further benefit. Nutr Metab. 2013;10(1):29-39.
  57. Sumarac-Dumanovic M, Stevanovic D, Ljubic A, Jorga J, Simic M, Stamenkovic-Pejkovic D, et al. Increased activity of interleukin-23/interleukin-17 proinflammatory axis in obese women. Int J Obes (Lond). 2009;33(1):151-6.
  58. Winer S, Paltser G, Chan Y, Tsui H, Engleman E, Winer D, et al. Obesity predisposes to Th17 bias. Eur J Immunol. 2009;39(9):2629-35.
Sport Physiology
Volume 11, Issue 42 - Serial Number 42
Summer 2019
August 2019
Pages 113-132
Files
History
  • Receive Date: 05 November 2018
  • Revise Date: 10 June 2019
  • Accept Date: 17 June 2019
Share
How to cite
Statistics