Sport Physiology

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Article Processing Charges (APC)

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Reviewers

Terms and conditions for manuscript submission

Submission Instruction

Forms

Peer Review Process

The Effects of Submaximal Endurance Training/Detraining and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Agonists on Growth and Thyroid Hormones Serum Concentrations in Girls with Precocious Puberty

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 M.Sc. of Sport Physiology, Bu Ali Sina University

2 Associate Professor of Sport Physiology, Bu Ali Sina University

3 Ph.D. Student of Sport Physiology, Bu Ali Sina University

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12weeks endurance training, 4weeks detraining and Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH) on serum levels of growth hormone (GH), triiodothyronine(T3) and thyroxine(T4) in girls with precocious puberty. Twenty-five girls age 6-8 (average height of 124cm and weight of 27.3 kg) with precocious puberty were randomly divided into three groups (medication, training, medication+training) and 10 healthy girls (No precocious puberty) with the same average height and weight were also included as control group. Serum levels of GH, T3, and T4 were measured at baseline by ELISA technique. Then the experimental groups were subjected an endurance training program three days/week with 20-75 min per day with 45-75% of maximum heart rate for 12 weeks. The medication groups also received GnRH agonist during the study, once monthly (1ml/four weeks) by intramuscular injection. GH, T3, and T4 serum levels were measured again 48 hours after the last training session and also after four weeks of detraining. The repeated measures ANOVA showed that 12weeks of endurance training alone, as well as 12weeks of endurance training+GnRH agonists, reduced GH,T3 and T4 levels and after detraining, GH and thyroid hormones concentrations approximately return to pre-workout levels. Medication reduced GH level after 16 weeks but could not effect on thyroid hormones. According to these findings, aerobic training and the use of the GnRH agonists can have a positive effect on hormonal function in girls with precocious Puberty but detraining eliminate the benefits of training in girls with precocious puberty.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References
  1. Anik A, Cati G, Abaci A, Ece B. Effect of gonadotropin- releasing hormone agonist therapy on body mass index and growht in girl with idiopathic central precocious puberty. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2015; 19:267–71.
  2. Kim SH, Huh K, Won S, Lee KW, Park MJ. A significant increase in the incidence of central precocious puberty among Korean girls from 2004 to 2010. Plos One. 2015; e0141844. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141844
  3. Mogensen SS, Aksglaede L, Mouritsen A, Sorensen K, Main KM, Gideon P, et al. Diagnostic work-up of 449 consecutive girls who were referred to be evaluated for precocious puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1393-401.
  4. Fiona K, Jordana K, Bayer M, Melissa Wake. Earlly puberty and childhood social and behavioral Adjustment. Adolesc Health. 2013; 53: 118-24.
  5. Griffith D. Early- onset puberty puts girls at risk of medical problems. Available from: http:// seattletimes.com/ html/ nation word/ 2003886234-web puberty 15.html [cited 2017 Oct 17].
  6. Cisternino M, Arrigo T, Pasquino AM, Tinelli C, Antoniazzi F, Beduschi L, et al. Etiology and age incidence of precocious puberty in girls: a multicentric study. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000;13:695-701.
  7. Fuqua JS. Treatment and outcomes of precocious puberty: An update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:2198–207.
  8. Brito V, Spinola-Castro A, Kochi C, Kopacek C, Silva P, Guerra-Junior G. Central precocious puberty: Revisiting the diagnosis and therapeutic management. Arch EndocrinolMetab 2016;60(2):163-73.
  9. Setorgi M, Moeini M. Advanced endocrinology. Esfahan:Mani; 2015.
  10. Randomski MW, Cross M, Buggot A. Exrcise-induced hyperthermia and hormonal responses to exercise. Can Jphisiol Pharmacol. 1998;76:547-52.
  11. Amirsasan R, Sari-Saraf V, Pourgholi T, Armanfar M. Comparing the effects of combined endurance-resistance training versus resistance-endurance on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I in non-athlete prepubertal girls. Feyz. 2015; 19:214-22. (In Persian).
  12. Bell G, Syrotuik D, Martin T, Burnham R, Quinney H. Effect of concurrent strength and endurance training on skeletal muscle properties and hormone concentrations in humans. Eur j Appl Physiol. 2000;81(5):418-27.
  13. Marx JO, Ratamess NA, Nindl BC, Gotshalk LA, Volek JS, Dohi K, et al. Lowvolume circuit versus high-volume periodized resistance training in women. Med Sci in Sports Exerc. 2001;33(4):635-43
  14. Głab E, Barg E, Wikiera B, Grabowski M, Noczyńska A. Influence of GnRH analog therapy on body mass in central precocious puberty. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2009;15:7-11.
  15. Copland JL, Consitt LA, Tremblay MS. Hormonal responses to endurance and resistance exercise in females aged 19-69 years. J Gerotol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002;57:58-65.
  16. Monninkhof EM, Velthuis MJ, Peeters PHM, Twisk JWR, Schuit AJ. Effect of exercise on postmenopausal sex hormone levels and role of body fat: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol, 2009; 27(27):99-4402.
  17. Santosh F, Bina MG, Rajesh K,Jambhulka, AT, Santosh F, Bina MG, et al. Correlation of thyroid hormones with FSH, LH and prolactin in infertility in the reproductive age group women. Inter J Clin Biochemi Res. 2015;2(4):216-22
  18. Yvan F, Guy VM, Virgile W, Rolf C. Gaillard, Luc P. Sex-dependent variations and timing of thyroid growth during puberty. J Clin Endocrin Metab. 2001;86:750–4.
  19. Root AW, Shulman D, Root J, Diamond F. The interrelationships of thyroid and growth hormones: effect of growth hormone releasing hormone in hypo- and hyperthyroid male rats. Acta Endocrinol Suppl. 1986;279:367-75.
  20. Pakarinen A, Alén M, Häkkinen K, Komi P. Serum thyroid hormones, thyrotropin and thyroxine binding globulin during prolonged strength training. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1988;57:394-8.
  21. Darya Noosh F, Saeb M, Sheykhani, H. The study on the effects of twelve-weeks aerobic Exercise on the changes in some antioxidants and thyroid hormones and the relationship between them in non-athlete female university students. J Manag Sys. 2011;6:1-12. (In Persian).
  22. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Grummer-Strawn LM, Flegal KM, Guo SS, Wei R, et al. CDC growth charts: United States. Adu Data. 2000;314:1-27
  23. Aminilari Z, Daryanoosh F, Kooshki Jahromi M, Mohamadi M. The effect of 12 weeks aerobic exercise on the apelin, omentin and glucose in obese older women with diabetes type 2. Arak Uni Med Sci. 2014;17:1-10. (In Persian).
  24. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Med. 2005;35:339–61.
  25. Rashidlamir A, Mirzendehdel Z, Ebrahimi Atri A. The effect of an eight-week period of aerobic exercise on plasma concentration of ghrelin and growth hormone in young women. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci. 2011;19(5):667-75.
  26. Nikseresht A, Rezaee Tazangi Sh, Khoshnam E. Growth hormone and blood sugar changes following maximal and submaximal exercises in the young athletes. Jahrom Uni Med Sci. 2012; 9:35-40. (In Persian).
  27. Hewitt SC. The effect of a high-fat meal on the growth hormone response to exercise in healthy adolescents. JPEM. 2005;43:39-42.
  28. Kazemi A, Radmehr L, Ghanbarzadeh M. The effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training on serum levels of interleukin-17, adiponectin, and estradiol in women with breast cancer. J Isfahan Med Sch. 2016;33:2263-9. (In Persian).
  29. Smith AJ, Phipps WR, Thomas W, Schmitz KH, Kurzer MS. The effects of aerobic exercise on estrogen metabolism in healthy premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22:756-64.
  30. Mirakhori Z, Kordi M R, Gaeini AA, Alizadeh S, Anoosheh L, Amani Shalamzari S, et al. The effect of aerobic training on plasma estradiol and mir-206 and erα expression in mice with breast cancer. I J B D. 2015;7:23-32. (InPersian).
  31. Heidarianpoor A, Razavi Z, Seif M. Dual effect of aerobic exercise and GnRH agonists at the same time, on estradiol serum levelsand gonadotropins (LH,LH/FSH) in girls with central precocious puberty. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci. 2017;24:889-912. (In Persian).
  32. Bagheri MH, Bambaeichi E, Esfarjani F, Sattar M. The effect of water training on hormone and insulin-like growth factor in children. J Sport Bio. 2012;14:21-36. (In Persian).
  33. Esfahbodi A, Fathie M, Moazami M, Mohammad Rahimi G R. The effect of aerobic training on the level of growth hormone and 17-beta estradiol middle-aged women with breast cancer. Armaghane Danesh. 2016;21:563-75. (In Persian).
  34. Gomez RJ, Mello MAD, Caetano FH, Sibbuya CY, Anaruma CA, Rogatto GP, et al. Effect of swimming on bone mass and GH/IGF-1 axis in diabetic rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2006;16:326-31.
  35. Wideman L, Weltman JY, Hartman ML, Veldhuis JD, Weltman A. Growth hormone release during acute and chronic aerobic and resistance exercise: Recent findings. Sports Med. 2002;32:987–1004.
  36. Anawalt BD, Merriam GR. Neuroendocrine aging in men. Andropause and somatopause. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2001;30:647–69.
  37. Hortobagyi T, Houmard JA, Stevenson JR, Fraser DD, Johns RA, Israel RG. The effects of detraining on power athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25:929–35.
  38. Hosein talayi Y, Bamnaei chi E, Kargar fard M. Effect of 8 weeks continuous training and 4 weeks detraining on resting levels of the growth hormone in elementary school students. Paper presented at: Second National Conference of Sporting Talent;2012 Oct 17-18 ; Tehran, Iran.
  39. Häkkinen K, Alen M, Komi PV. Changes in isometric forceand relaxation-time, electromyographic and muscle fibre characteristics of human skeletal muscle during strength training and detraining. Acta Physiol Scand. 1985;125:573–85.
  40. Lovell DI, Cuneo R, Wallace J, McLellan C. The hormonal response of older men to sub-maximum aerobic exercise: The effect of training and detraining. Steroids. 2012;77: 413–8.
  41. Ruiz JR, Fleck SJ, Vingren JL, Ramírez M, Madero L, Fragala MS, et al. Preliminary findings of a 4-month intrahospital exercise training intervention on IGFs and IGFBPs in children with leukemia. J Strength Cond Res. 2010; 24:1292-7.
  42. Muller J, Juul A, Andersson AM, Sehested A, Skakkebaek NE. Hormonal changes during GnRH analogue therapy in children with central precocious puberty. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 13:739–46.
  43. Fortunato RS, Ignácio DL, Padron AS, Peçanha R, Marassi MP, Rosenthal D, et al. The effect of acute exercise session on thyroid hormone economy in rats. J Endocrinol. 2008;198:347–53.
  44. Boyden TW, Pamenter RW, Rotkis TC, Stanforth P, Wilmore JHH. Evidence formild thyroidal impairment in women undergoing endurance training. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1982;54:53-6.
  45. Baharloo1 S, Taghian F, Hedayati M. Effects of aerobic exercise on C-reactive protein and lipid profile in subclinical hypothyroidism among overweight-obese women. MJMS. 2014;17:91-102. (In Persian).
  46. Pourvaghar MJ, Shahsavar A. The alteration of serum thyroid hormone and its stimulating in nanoscale on athletics men. Dig J Nanomater Bios. 2009;4(2):263-7.
  47. Bianco AC, Salvatore D, Gereben B, Berry MJ, Larsen PR. Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology , and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases. Endo Rev. 2002;23:38-89.
  48. Melander A, Ericson LE, Ljunggren JG, Norberg KA, Persson B, Sundler F, et al. Sympathetic innervation of the normal human thyroid. J clin Endocr. 1974;39:713–8.
  49. Muylaert SJ, Church TS, Blair SN, Facsm SN. Cardiorespiratory fitness (Crf) and creactive protein in pre-menopausal women. Med Sci Sport Exer. 2003;35:69-77.
  50. Häkkinen K, Pakarinen A, Kyröläinen H, Cheng S, Kim DH, Komi PV. Neuromuscular adaptations and serum hormones in females during prolonged power training. Int J Sports Med. 1990;11:91-8.
  51. Kraemer WJ, Koziris LP, Ratamess NA, Hakkinen K, Triplett-mcbride NT, Fry AC, et al. Detraining produces minimal changes in physical performance and hormonal variables in recreationally strength-trained men. J Strength Cond Res. 2002;16:373-82.
  52. Samuel JC, Cathy BH, William E, Bruce R. The effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin secretion in adult premenopausal women. Int J Fertil Steril.1995;64:698-702.
Sport Physiology
Volume 10, Issue 40
Winter 2019
January 2019
Pages 51-68
Files
History
  • Receive Date: 13 May 2018
  • Revise Date: 16 January 2019
  • Accept Date: 27 January 2019
Share
How to cite
Statistics