1. Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. The effect of fine and coarse particulate air pollution on mortality: a national analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2009;117(6):898.
2. Guo Y, Barnett AG, Zhang Y, Tong S, Yu W, Pan X. The short-term effect of air pollution on cardiovascular mortality in Tianjin, China: Comparison of time series and case–crossover analyses. Science of the Total Environment. 2010;409(2):300-6.
3. Jerrett M, Finkelstein MM, Brook JR, Arain MA, Kanaroglou P, Stieb DM, et al. A cohort study of traffic-related air pollution and mortality in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2009;117(5):772.
4. Wilson WE, Suh HH. Fine particles and coarse particles: concentration relationships relevant to epidemiologic studies. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 1997;47(12):1238-49.
5. Rossignol D, Genuis S, Frye R. Environmental toxicants and autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Translational psychiatry. 2014;4(2):e360.
6. Levesque S, Taetzsch T, Lull ME, Kodavanti U, Stadler K, Wagner A, et al. Diesel exhaust activates and primes microglia: air pollution, neuroinflammation, and regulation of dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Environmental health perspectives. 2011;119(8):1149.
7. Block ML, Calderón-Garcidueñas L. Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease. Trends in neurosciences. 2009;32(9):506-16.
8. Vieira RdP, Toledo AC, Silva LB, Almeida FM, Damaceno-Rodrigues NR, Caldini EG, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of aerobic exercise in mice exposed to air pollution. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(7):1227-34.
9. Plummer LE, Smiley-Jewell S, Pinkerton KE. Impact of air pollution on lung inflammation and the role of toll-like receptors. International Journal of Interferon, Cytokine and Mediator Research. 2012;4(1):43-57.
10. van Berlo D, Albrecht C, Knaapen AM, Cassee FR, Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Kooter IM, et al. Comparative evaluation of the effects of short-term inhalation exposure to diesel engine exhaust on rat lung and brain. Archives of toxicology. 2010;84(7):553-62.
11. Bihaqi SW, Singh AP, Tiwari M. Supplementation of Convolvulus pluricaulis attenuates scopolamine-induced increased tau and Amyloid precursor protein (AβPP) expression in rat brain. Indian journal of pharmacology. 2012;44(5):593.
12. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Cross JV, Franco-Lira M, Aragon-Flores M, Kavanaugh M, Torres-Jardon R, et al. Brain immune interactions and air pollution: macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), prion cellular protein (PrPC), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) in cerebrospinal fluid and MIF in serum differentiate urban children exposed to severe vs. low air pollution. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2013;7.
13. Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Engle R, Mora-Tiscareño A, Styner M, Gómez-Garza G, Zhu H, et al. Exposure to severe urban air pollution influences cognitive outcomes, brain volume and systemic inflammation in clinically healthy children. Brain and cognition. 2011;77(3):345-55.
14. Calderón-Garcidueñas L, D’Angiulli A, Kulesza RJ, Torres-Jardón R, Osnaya N, Romero L, et al. Air pollution is associated with brainstem auditory nuclei pathology and delayed brainstem auditory evoked potentials. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. 2011;29(4):365-75.
15. Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Solt AC, Henríquez-Roldán C, Torres-Jardón R, Nuse B, Herritt L, et al. Long-term air pollution exposure is associated with neuroinflammation, an altered innate immune response, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, ultrafine particulate deposition, and accumulation of amyloid β-42 and α-synuclein in children and young adults. Toxicologic Pathology. 2008;36(2):289-310.
16. Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Mora-Tiscareño A, Ontiveros E, Gómez-Garza G, Barragán-Mejía G, Broadway J, et al. Air pollution, cognitive deficits and brain abnormalities: a pilot study with children and dogs. Brain and cognition. 2008;68(2):117-27.
17. CALDERon-GARCIDUEnas L, Reed W, Maronpot RR, Henriquez-Roldán C, Delgado-Chavez R, CALDERon-GARCIDUEnas A, et al. Brain inflammation and Alzheimer's-like pathology in individuals exposed to severe air pollution. Toxicologic Pathology. 2004;32(6):650-8.
18. Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Mora-Tiscareño A, Gómez-Garza G, Carrasco-Portugal MDC, Pérez-Guillé B, Flores-Murrieta FJ, et al. Effects of a cyclooxygenase-2 preferential inhibitor in young healthy dogs exposed to air pollution: a pilot study. Toxicologic pathology. 2009;37(5):644-60.
19. Guxens M, Sunyer J. A review of epidemiological studies on neuropsychological effects of air pollution. Swiss Med Wkly. 2012;141:w13322.
20. McFarlin BK, Flynn MG, Campbell WW, Craig BA, Robinson JP, Stewart LK, et al. Physical activity status, but not age, influences inflammatory biomarkers and toll-like receptor 4. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2006;61(4):388-93.
21. Block ML, Zecca L, Hong J-S. Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2007;8(1):57-69.
22. Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Cross JV, Franco-Lira M, Aragón-Flores M, Kavanaugh M, Torres-Jardón R, et al. Brain immune interactions and air pollution. Frontiers in neuroscience. 2013;7(183):1-13.
23. Sama P, Long TC, Hester S, Tajuba J, Parker J, Chen L-C, et al. The cellular and genomic response of an immortalized microglia cell line (BV2) to concentrated ambient particulate matter. Inhalation toxicology. 2007;19(13):1079-87.
24. Araneda S, Commin L, Atlagich M, Kitahama K, Parraguez VH, Pequignot J-M, et al. VEGF overexpression in the astroglial cells of rat brainstem following ozone exposure. Neurotoxicology. 2008;29(6):920-7.
25. Oortgiesen M, Veronesi B, Eichenbaum G, Kiser PF, Simon SA. Residual oil fly ash and charged polymers activate epithelial cells and nociceptive sensory neurons. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 2000;278(4):L683-L95.
26. Baune BT, Konrad C, Grotegerd D, Suslow T, Birosova E, Ohrmann P, et al. Interleukin-6 gene (IL-6): a possible role in brain morphology in the healthy adult brain. Journal of neuroinflammation. 2012;9(1):1.
27. Frodl T, Carballedo A, Hughes M, Saleh K, Fagan A, Skokauskas N, et al. Reduced expression of glucocorticoid-inducible genes GILZ and SGK-1: high IL-6 levels are associated with reduced hippocampal volumes in major depressive disorder. Translational psychiatry. 2012;2(3):e88.
28. Yang C, Hong T, Shen J, Ding J, Dai XW, Zhou ZQ, et al. Ketamine exerts antidepressant effects and reduces IL-1β and IL-6 levels in rat prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Experimental and therapeutic medicine. 2013;5(4):1093-6.
29. Piletz JE, Halaris A, Iqbal O, Hoppensteadt D, Fareed J, Zhu H, et al. Pro-inflammatory biomakers in depression: treatment with venlafaxine. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 2009;10(4):313-23.
30. Costa LG, Cole TB, Coburn J, Chang Y-C, Dao K, Roque P. Neurotoxicants are in the air: convergence of human, animal, and in vitro studies on the effects of air pollution on the brain. BioMed research international. 2014;2014.
31. Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Torres-Jardón R, Kulesza RJ, Park S-B, D’Angiulli A. Air pollution and detrimental effects on children’s brain. The need for a multidisciplinary approach to the issue complexity and challenges. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2014;8.
32. Drake C, Boutin H, Jones MS, Denes A, McColl BW, Selvarajah JR, et al. Brain inflammation is induced by co-morbidities and risk factors for stroke. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2011;25(6):1113-22.

33. Wei H, Chadman KK, McCloskey DP, Sheikh AM, Malik M, Brown WT, et al. Brain IL-6 elevation causes neuronal circuitry imbalances and mediates autism-like behaviors. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease. 2012;1822(6):831-42.
34. Vargas DL, Nascimbene C, Krishnan C, Zimmerman AW, Pardo CA. Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism. Annals of neurology. 2005;57(1):67-81.
35. Oh J, McCloskey MA, Blong CC, Bendickson L, Nilsen‐Hamilton M, Sakaguchi DS. Astrocyte‐derived interleukin‐6 promotes specific neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells from adult hippocampus. Journal of neuroscience research. 2010;88(13):2798-809.
36. Barrientos RM. Voluntary exercise as an anti-neuroinflammatory therapeutic. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2011;25(6):1061-2.
37. Funk JA, Gohlke J, Kraft AD, McPherson CA, Collins JB, Harry GJ. Voluntary exercise protects hippocampal neurons from trimethyltin injury: possible role of interleukin-6 to modulate tumor necrosis factor receptor-mediated neurotoxicity. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2011;25(6):1063-77.
38. Leem Y-H, Lee Y-I, Son H-J, Lee S-H. Chronic exercise ameliorates the neuroinflammation in mice carrying NSE/htau23. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2011;406(3):359-65.
39. Fonken L, Xu X, Weil ZM, Chen G, Sun Q, Rajagopalan S, et al. Air pollution impairs cognition, provokes depressive-like behaviors and alters hippocampal cytokine expression and morphology. Molecular psychiatry. 2011;16(10): 987-95.
40. Goto S, Naito H, Kaneko T, Chung HY, Radak Z. Hormetic effects of regular exercise in aging: correlation with oxidative stress. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2007;32(5):948-53.
41. Wim S, De Boever Patrick BI, Luc IP. Neuroinflammation Induced by Air Pollution: Gene Expression Analysis in Laboratory Animals. Paper submitted within the scope of the Master’s Thesis Master of Industrial Sciences GROUP T – Leuven Engineering College. 2013.
42. Rasmussen P, Vedel JC, Olesen J, Adser H, Pedersen M, Hart E, et al. In humans IL‐6 is released from the brain during and after exercise and paralleled by enhanced IL‐6 mRNA expression in the hippocampus of mice. Acta physiologica. 2011;201(4):475-82.
43. Campbell ME, Li Q, Gingrich SE, Macfarlane RG, Cheng S. Should people be physically active outdoors on smog alert days? Canadian Journal of Public Health/Revue Canadienne de Sante'e Publique. 2005:24-8.
44. Sharman JE. Clinicians prescribing exercise: is air pollution a hazard? Medical journal of Australia. 2005;182(12):606-7.
45. Ji LL. Modulation of skeletal muscle antioxidant defense by exercise: role of redox signaling. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2008;44(2):142-52.
46. Vieira RP, de Toledo AC, Ferreira SC, dos Santos ÂBG, Medeiros MCR, Hage M, et al. Airway epithelium mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise on asthma. Respiratory physiology & neurobiology. 2011;175(3):383-9.
47. Enoki T, Yoshida Y, Lally J, Hatta H, Bonen A. Testosterone increases lactate transport, monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1 and MCT4 in rat skeletal muscle. The Journal of physiology. 2006;577(1):433-43.
48. Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2− ΔΔCT method. methods. 2001;25(4):402-8.
49. Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Mora-Tiscareño A, Styner M, Gómez-garza G, Zhu H, Torres-Jardón R, et al. White matter hyperintensities, systemic inflammation, brain growth, and cognitive functions in children exposed to air pollution. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 2012;31(1):183-91.
50. Block M, Wu X, Pei Z, Li G, Wang T, Qin L, et al. Nanometer size diesel exhaust particles are selectively toxic to dopaminergic neurons: the role of microglia, phagocytosis, and NADPH oxidase. The FASEB journal. 2004;18(13):1618-20.
51. Kumar H, Sharma A. Chronic Ill Effects of Air Pollution in Children: Neurological Derailment. Global Journal of Human-Social Science Research. 2012;12(6).
52. Tsai D-H, Amyai N, Marques-Vidal P, Wang J-L, Riediker M, Mooser V, et al. Effects of particulate matter on inflammatory markers in the general adult population. Particle and fibre toxicology. 2012;9(1):1.
53. Costa LG, Cole TB, Coburn J, Chang Y-C, Dao K, Roqué PJ. Neurotoxicity of traffic-related air pollution. Neurotoxicology. 2015.
54. Gleeson M, Bishop NC, Stensel DJ, Lindley MR, Mastana SS, Nimmo MA. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2011;11(9):607-15.
55. Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise: its role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease control. Essays in biochemistry. 2006;42:105-17.
56. Pischon T, Hankinson SE, Hotamisligil GS, Rifai N, Rimm EB. Leisure‐time physical activity and reduced plasma levels of obesity‐related inflammatory markers. Obesity research. 2003;11(9):1055-64.
57. Ziccardi P, Nappo F, Giugliano G, Esposito K, Marfella R, Cioffi M, et al. Reduction of inflammatory cytokine concentrations and improvement of endothelial functions in obese women after weight loss over one year. Circulation. 2002;105(7):804-9.
58. Brockmeyer S, D’Angiulli A. How Air Pollution Alters Brain Development: The Role of Neuroinflammation. Translational Neuroscience. 2016;7(1):24-30.
59. Weigert C, Hennige AM, Brodbeck K, Häring HU, Schleicher ED. Interleukin-6 acts as insulin sensitizer on glycogen synthesis in human skeletal muscle cells by phosphorylation of Ser473 of Akt. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2005;289(2):E251-E7.
60. Scheller J, Chalaris A, Schmidt-Arras D, Rose-John S. The pro-and anti-inflammatory properties of the cytokine interleukin-6. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research. 2011;1813(5):878-88.
61. Wallberg L, Mattsson CM, Enqvist JK, Ekblom B. Plasma IL-6 concentration during ultra-endurance exercise. European journal of applied physiology. 2011;111(6):1081-8.
62. McConnell R, Gilliland F, Goran M, Allayee H, Hricko A, Mittelman S. Does near-roadway air pollution contribute to childhood obesity? Pediatric obesity. 2016;11(1):1.
63. Xu X, Yavar Z, Verdin M, Ying Z, Mihai G, Kampfrath T, et al. Effect of early particulate air pollution exposure on obesity in mice role of p47phox. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 2010;30(12):2518-27.
64. Fisher G, Hyatt TC, Hunter GR, Oster RA, Desmond RA, Gower BA. Effect of diet with and without exercise training on markers of inflammation and fat distribution in overweight women. Obesity. 2011;19(6):1131-6.
65. Rajabi H. Effect of Aerobic Exercise in Infected Environment on CBC and Serum Lipid and Lipoproteins and Performance Time in Rats. Research on Sport Sciences. 2002;3: 1-25.