تأثیر یک دوره تمرین ترکیبی و بازی در محیط غنی‌شده در دورۀ پیش از بلوغ بر ساختار هیپوکمپ موش‌های صحرایی بزرگسال

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

2 استاد مرکز تحقیقات علوم اعصاب، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی

3 استادیار فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

چکیده

حفظ ساختار و عملکرد مغز در طول زندگی از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. فرآیندهای کلیدی توسعه‌ مغزی در دوره-های بحرانی رشد به ویژه در دوره پیش از بلوغ برجسته هستند. از این رو مداخلات محیطی در طی این دوره حساس رشدی، ممکن است به تغییرات قابل توجه و ماندگار در ساختارهای در حال رشد مانند هیپوکمپ منجر شوند. در این مطالعه، تاثیر تمرین ترکیبی و بازی در محیط غنی شده پیش از بلوغ بر ساختار هیپوکمپ موش های صحرایی بزرگسال مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. بدین منظور، تحقیق به صورت طولی انجام شد و 27 سر موش‌ صحرایی نر پس از دوره شیردهی به سه گروه تمرین ترکیبی، بازی در محیط غنی‌شده و کنترل تقسیم شدند. مداخلات به مدت سه هفته در دوران قبل از بلوغ (48-28 روزگی) اجرا شدند و در ادامه تا دوره بزرگسالی (85-48 روزگی) همه حیوانات بدون مداخله درون قفس-های استاندارد نگهداری شدند. پس از این دوران، مراحل تشریح و بافت‌برداری هیپوکمپ انجام شدند. روش وسترن بلات برای اندازه‌گیری عامل رشد عصبی مشتق از مغز (BDNF) و رنگ‌آمیزی نیسل برای ارزیابی تعداد سلول‌ها در نواحی هیپوکمپ استفاده شدند. نتایج آزمون آنوا یک‌طرفه نشان دادند که سطوح پروتئین BDNF (P

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

مراجع

  1. Rasmussen P, Brassard P, Adser H, Pedersen MV, Leick L, Hart E, et al. Evidence for a release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor from the brain during exercise. Experimental Physiology. 2009;94(10):1062-9.
  2. Voss MW, Nagamatsu LS, Liu-Ambrose T, Kramer AF. Exercise, brain, and cognition across the life span. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2011;111(5):1505-13.
  3. García-Hermoso A, Alonso-Martinez AM, Ramírez-Vélez R, Izquierdo M. Effects of exercise intervention on health-related physical fitness and blood pressure in preschool children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sports Medicine. 2020;50(1):187-203.
  4. Semple BD, Blomgren K, Gimlin K, Ferriero DM, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Brain development in rodents and humans: Identifying benchmarks of maturation and vulnerability to injury across species. Progress in Neurobiology. 2013;106:1-16.
  5. Ray M. Rich experiences, physical activity create healthy brains: an interview with developmental psychologist william greenough. Perspectives. National Scientific Council on the Developing Child; 2006. Available at: https://www.peacefulplaygrounds.com/ pdf/right-to-recess/physical-activity-create-healthy-brains.pdf [cited 2019 May 2].
  6. Gomes da Silva S, Unsain N, Mascó DH, Toscano‐Silva M, de Amorim HA, Silva Araújo BH, et al. Early exercise promotes positive hippocampal plasticity and improves spatial memory in the adult life of rats. Hippocampus. 2012;22(2):347-58.
  7. Uysal N, Tugyan K, Kayatekin BM, Acikgoz O, Bagriyanik HA, Gonenc S, et al. The effects of regular aerobic exercise in adolescent period on hippocampal neuron density, apoptosis and spatial memory. Neuroscience Letters. 2005;383(3):241-5.
  8. Barichello T, Fagundes GD, Generoso JS, Dagostin CS, Simões LR, Vilela MC, et al. Environmental enrichment restores cognitive deficits induced by experimental childhood meningitis. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 2014;36(4):322-329.
  9. Afifi TO, MacMillan HL, Boyle M, Cheung K, Taillieu T, Turner S, et al. Child abuse and physical health in adulthood. Statistics Canada. 2016;27(3):8-10.
  10. Boreham C, Twisk J, Neville C, Savage M, Murray L, Gallagher A. Associations between physical fitness and activity patterns during adolescence and cardiovascular risk factors in young adulthood: the Northern Ireland young hearts project. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002;23(S1):22-6.
  11. Krassas GE, Tzotzas T. Do obese children become obese adults: childhood predictors of adult disease. Pediatric endocrinology Reviews: PER. 2004;1:455-9.
  12. Hind K, Burrows M. Weight-bearing exercise and bone mineral accrual in children and adolescents: a review of controlled trials. Bone. 2007;40(1):14-27.
  13. Avital A, Richter-Levin G. Exposure to juvenile stress exacerbates the behavioural consequences of exposure to stress in the adult rat. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;8(2):163-73.
  14. Maass A, Düzel S, Brigadski T, Goerke M, Becke A, Sobieray U, et al. Relationships of peripheral IGF-1, VEGF and BDNF levels to exercise-related changes in memory, hippocampal perfusion and volumes in older adults. Neuroimage. 2016;131:142-54.
  15. Vecchio LM, Meng Y, Xhima K, Lipsman N, Hamani C, Aubert I. The neuroprotective effects of exercise: maintaining a healthy brain throughout aging. Brain Plasticity. 2018;4(1):17-52.
  16. Liu W, Ge T, Leng Y, Pan Z, Fan J, Yang W, et al. The role of neural plasticity in depression: from hippocampus to prefrontal cortex. Neural Plasticity. 2017;2017:6871089.
  17. Huang A-M, Jen C, Chen H, Yu L, Kuo Y-M, Chen H-I. Compulsive exercise acutely upregulates rat hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Journal of Neural Transmission. 2006;113(7):803-11.
  18. Chen H-I, Lin L-C, Yu L, Liu Y-F, Kuo Y-M, Huang A-M, et al. Treadmill exercise enhances passive avoidance learning in rats: the role of down-regulated serotonin system in the limbic system. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 2008;89(4):489-96.
  19. Hornberger Jr TA, Farrar RP. Physiological hypertrophy of the FHL muscle following 8 weeks of progressive resistance exercise in the rat. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology. 2004;29(1):16-31.
  20. Sampedro-Piquero P, Begega A. Environmental enrichment as a positive behavioral intervention across the lifespan. Current Neuropharmacology. 2017;15(4):459-70.
  21. Uysal N, Kiray M, Sisman A, Camsari U, Gencoglu C, Baykara B, et al. Effects of voluntary and involuntary exercise on cognitive functions, and VEGF and BDNF levels in adolescent rats. Biotechnic & Histochemistry. 2015;90(1):55-68.
  22. Morley‐Fletcher S, Rea M, Maccari S, Laviola G. Environmental enrichment during adolescence reverses the effects of prenatal stress on play behaviour and HPA axis reactivity in rats. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2003;18(12):3367-74.
  23. Ilin Y, Richter-Levin G. Enriched environment experience overcomes learning deficits and depressive-like behavior induced by juvenile stress. PLoS One. 2009;4(1):e4329.
  24. Marashi V, Barnekow A, Ossendorf E, Sachser N. Effects of different forms of environmental enrichment on behavioral, endocrinological, and immunological parameters in male mice. Hormones and Behavior. 2003;43(2):281-92.
  25. Grégoire C-A, Bonenfant D, Le Nguyen A, Aumont A, Fernandes KJ. Untangling the influences of voluntary running, environmental complexity, social housing and stress on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. PloS One. 2014;9(1):e86237.
  26. Macpherson H, Teo W-P, Schneider LA, Smith AE. A life-long approach to physical activity for brain health. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2017;9:147.
  27. Telama R, Yang X, Viikari J, Välimäki I, Wanne O, Raitakari O. Physical activity from childhood to adulthood: a 21-year tracking study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2005;28(3):267-73.
  28. Webster MJ, Weickert CS, Herman MM, Kleinman JE. BDNF mRNA expression during postnatal development, maturation and aging of the human prefrontal cortex. Developmental Brain Research. 2002;139(2):139-50.
  29. Cassilhas R, Lee K, Fernandes J, Oliveira M, Tufik S, Meeusen R, et al. Spatial memory is improved by aerobic and resistance exercise through divergent molecular mechanisms. Neuroscience. 2012;202:309-17.
  30. Kramer AF, Colcombe S. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study—revisited. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2018;13(2):213-7.
  31. Hueston CM, Cryan JF, Nolan YM. Stress and adolescent hippocampal neurogenesis: diet and exercise as cognitive modulators. Translational Psychiatry.2017;4(7);e1081-e1081.
  32. Gradari S, Pallé A, McGreevy KR, Fontán-Lozano Á, Trejo JL. Can exercise make you smarter, happier, and have more neurons? A hormetic perspective. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2016;10:93.
  33. Lou S-j, Liu J-y, Chang H, Chen P-j. Hippocampal neurogenesis and gene expression depend on exercise intensity in juvenile rats. Brain Research. 2008;1210:48-55.
  34. Schaaf MJ, de Jong J, de Kloet ER, Vreugdenhil E. Downregulation of BDNF mRNA and protein in the rat hippocampus by corticosterone. Brain Research. 1998;813(1):112-20.
  35. Nithianantharajah J, Hannan AJ. Enriched environments, experience-dependent plasticity and disorders of the nervous system. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2006;7(9):697-709.
  36. Pellis SM, Pellis VC, Himmler BT. How play makes for a more adaptable brain: a comparative and neural perspective. American Journal of Play. 2014;7(1):73-98.
  37. Gordon NS, Burke S, Akil H, Watson SJ, Panksepp J. Socially-induced brain ‘fertilization’: play promotes brain derived neurotrophic factor transcription in the amygdala and dorsolateral frontal cortex in juvenile rats. Neuroscience Letters. 2003;341(1):17-20.
  38. Mustroph ML, Chen S, Desai SC, Cay EB, DeYoung EK, Rhodes JS. Aerobic exercise is the critical variable in an enriched environment that increases hippocampal neurogenesis and water maze learning in male C57BL/6J mice. Neuroscience. 2012;219:62-71.

 

فیزیولوژی ورزشی
دوره 13، شماره 49
فروردین 1400
صفحه 199-222

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 06 شهریور 1399
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 22 مهر 1399
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 10 آبان 1399

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار