نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز

2 دانشیار دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز

چکیده

مطالعة حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیر محدودیت کالری همراه با تمرین اینتروال شدید و تمرین مقاومتی بر غلظت پلاسمایی ادیپونکتین، TNF-α و انسولین ناشتا انجام شد. در یک کارآزمایی نیمه تجربی 28 مرد چاق سالم با میانگین سنی 2/7 ± 6/31 سال داوطلب به‌طور تصادفی به 3 گروه محدودیت کالری (CR; n=8)، ترکیب محدودیت کالریک و تمرین اینتروال شدید (CRHIT; n=10) و ترکیب محدودیت کالریک و تمرین مقاومتی (CRRT; n=10) تقسیم شدند. تمرین اینتروال شدید با شدت 90 – 85 درصد ضربان قلب بیشینه و تمرین مقاومتی با شدت 80 – 70 درصد یک تکرار بیشینه و سه جلسه در هفته اجرا شد. سه روز قبل از شروع 12 هفته مداخله و 48 ساعت پس از آخرین جلسه تمرینی نمونه‌‌های خونی جمع‌آوری شدند. وزن بدن، تودة چربی و درصد چربی بدن آزمودنی‌‌ها در هر سه گروه به‌طور معناداری کاهش یافت. غلظت ادیپونکتین پلاسما در گروه‌های ترکیبی به‌طور معناداری افزایش یافت (گروه تمرین اینتروال: از 65/2 به 6/4 و در گروه مقاومتی: از 0/3 به 5/3 میکروگرم بر میلی‌لیتر). غلظت TNF-α نیز در گروه‌های ترکیبی کاهش معناداری را نشان داد (گروه اینتروال: از 4/2 به 4/1 و در گروه مقاومتی: از 7/2 به 5/2 پیکوگرم بر میلی‌لیتر). افزایش ادیپونکتین و کاهش TNF-αدر گروه CRHIT بیشتر از گروه CRRT بود (0. 01≥P). غلظت انسولین پلاسما در هر سه گروه به‌طور معناداری کاهش یافت (CRRT: -18. 4%؛ CRHIT: -33. 3%؛ CR: -23. 3%)، اما هیچ تفاوت معناداری بین گروه‌‌ها وجود نداشت. نتایج حاصل نشان داد ترکیب تمرین اینتروال شدید و محدودیت کالری برای بهبود ترکیب بدن و کاهش انسولین ناشتا، TNF-α و افزایش ادیپونکتین پلاسما روش مناسب‌تری است.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

1) FathyAlhusseini N, Arafat Belacy N, Kasem EM, Maher Allam M. Effect of Exercise Training on Adiponectin Receptor Expression and Insulin Resistance in Mice Fed a High Fat Diet. Am J Biochemi Biotechnol. 2010; 6 (2): 77-83.
2) Berggren JR, Hulver MW,HoumardJA. Fat as an endocrine organ: influence of exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2005; 99: 757–64.
3) ZhuangXF, Zhao MM, Weng CL, and Sun NL. Adipocytokines: A bridge connecting obesity and insulin resistance. Med Hypotheses. 2009; 73: 981–5.
4) Polak J, Klimcakova E, Moro C, Viguerie N, Berlan M, Hejnova J, et al. Effect of aerobic training on plasma levels and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue gene expression of adiponectin, leptin, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in obese women. Metabolism. 2006; 55: 1375-81.
5) Daviaud D, Boucher J, Gesta S, Dray C, Guigne C, Quilliot D, et al. TNF-α up-regulates apelin expression in human and mouse adipose tissue. FASEB J. 2006; 20: 796–802.
6) Azarbayjani MA, Abedi B, Peeri M, Rasaee MJ,Stannard SR. Effects of combined aerobic and resistant training on lipid profile and glycemic control in sedentary men. International Medical Journal. 2014; 21(2): 132–6.
7) Lafontan M, viguerie N. Role of adipokines in the control of energy metabolism: focus on adiponectin. Current Opinion In Pharmacology. 2006; 6: 580 – 5.
8) Ibáñez J, Izquierdo M, Martínez-Labari C, Ortega F, Grijalba A, Forga L. Resistance Training Improves Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Obese Women Despite a Significative Decrease in Serum Adiponectin Levels. Obesity. 2009;18 (3): 535-41.
9) Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Vidal H, and Hainque B. Variations in plasma soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors after diet-induced weight loss in obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2000; 2: 323-5.
10) Heilbronn LK, Noakes M, and Clifton PM. Energy restriction and weight loss on very-low-fat diets reduce C-reactive protein concentrations in obese, healthy women. Arterioscl Throm Vas. 2001; 21: 968-70.
11) Kern PA, Saghizadeh M, Ong JM, Bosch RJ, Deem R, and Simsolo RB. The expression of tumor necrosis factor in human adipose tissue. Regulation by obesity, weight loss, and relationship to lipoprotein lipase. J Clin Invest. 1995; 95 (5): 2111–9.
12) Bruun JM, Pedersen SB, Kristensen K, and Richelsen B. Opposite regulation of interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by weight loss. Obes Res. 2002; 10: 499-506.
13) Madsen EL, Rissanen A, Bruun JM, Skogstrand K, Tonstad S, Hougaard DM, and Richelsen B. Weight loss larger than 10% is needed for general improvement of levels of circulating adiponectin and markers of inflammation in obese subjects: a 3-year weight loss study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008; 158 (2): 179-87.
14) Ben Ounis O, Elloumi M, Amri M, Zbidi A, Tabka Z, and Lac G. Impact of diet, exercise and diet combined with exercise programs on plasma lipoprotein and adiponectin levels in obese girls. J Sports Sci Med. 2008; 7 (4): 437-45.
15) Christiansen T, Paulsen SK, Bruun JM, Pedersen SB, and Richelsen B. Exercise-training versus diet-induced weight-loss on metabolic risk factors and inflammatory markers in obese subjects. A 12-week randomized intervention-study. Am J Physiol- Endoc M. 2010; 298 (4): 824–31.
16) Xydakis AM, Case CC, Jones PH, Hoogeveen RC, Liu MY, Smith EO, et al. Adiponectin, inflammation, and the expression of the metabolic syndrome in obese individuals: the impact of rapid weight loss through caloric restriction. j Clin Endocr Metab. 2004; 89 (6): 2697-703.
17) Huffman KM, Slentz CA, Bales CW, Houmard JA, and Kraus W E. Relationships between adipose tissue and cytokine responses to a randomized controlled exercise training intervention. Metabolism. 2008; 57 (4): 577-83.
18) Sloan RP, Shapiro PA, Demeersman RE, McKinley PS, Tracey KJ, Slavov I, et al. Aerobic exercise attenuates inducible TNF production in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2007; 103 (3): 1007–11.
19) Gari, M. A. Moderate versus high intensity aerobic exercise training on glycemic control and anti-inflammatory effect on non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. World Applied Science Journal. 2010; 8 (6): 667-71.
20) Abd El-Kader SM. Aerobic versus resistance exercise training in modulation of insulin resistance, adipocytokines and inflammatory cytokine levels in obese type 2 diabetic patients. Journal Of Advanced Research. 2011; 2: 179-83.
21) Talebi-GarakaniE, and Safarzade A. Resistance training decreases serum inflammatory markers in diabetic rats. Endocrine. 2013; 43 (3): 564-70.
22) Flack KD, Frisard MI, Davy KP, Hulver MW, Winett RA, Frisard MIand Davy BM. Aging, Resistance Training, and Diabetes Prevention. J Aging Res. 2011; 1-10.
23) شوندی نادر، صارمی عباس، قربانی اکبر، پرستش محمد. تأثیر تمرین هوازی بر رزیستین، آدیپونکتین و شاخص مقاومت انسولینی مردان مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2. فیزیولوژی ورزشی. 1390؛ 10: 102- 89.
24) Lim S, Choi SH, Jeong IK, Kim JH, Moon M K, Park KS, et al. Insulin-Sensitizing Effects of Exercise on Adiponectin and Retinol-Binding Protein-4 Concentrations in Young and Middle-Aged Women. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2008; 93 (6): 2263–8.
25) Tjønna AE, Stølen, TO, Bye A, Volden M, Slørdahl SA, Odegård R, et al. Aerobic interval training reduces cardiovascular risk factors more than a multitreatment approach in overweight adolescents. Clin Sci. 2009; 116 (4): 317–26.
26) Moghadasi M, Mohebbi H, Rahmani-Nia F, Hassan-Nia S, Noroozi H, and Pirooznia N. High-intensity endurance training improves adiponectin mRNA and plasma concentrations. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012; 112 (4): 1207–14.
27) Fatouros IG, Tournis S, Leontsini D, Jamurtas AZ, Sxina M, Thomakos P, et al. Leptin and Adiponectin Responses in Overweight Inactive Elderly following Resistance Training and Detraining Are Intensity Related. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2005; 90 (11): 5970-7.
28) Hermann TS, Dall CH, Christensen SB, Goetze JP, Prescott E, and Gustafsson F. Effect of high intensity exercise on peak oxygen uptahe and endothelial function in long-term heart transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2011; 11 (3): 536-41.
29) Moholdt TT, Amundsen BH, Rustad LA, Wahba A, Løvø K T, Gullikstad LR, et al. Aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise after coronary artery bypass surgery: A randomized study of cardiovascular effects and quality of life. Am Heart J. 2009; 158 (6): 1031-7.
30) رنجبر روح الله، احمدی زاد سجاد، خوش نیت نیکو محسن، سلیمی علیرضا. تأثیر تمرین استقامتی همراه با روزه داری و یک دوره بی تمرینی بر سطوح پلاسمایی آدیپونکتین و شاخص مقاومت به انسولین در مردان غیرفعال. فیزیولوژی ورزشی. 1391؛ 15: 80- 163.
31) Huang P, Li S, Shao M, Qi Q, Zhao F, You J, et al. Calorie restriction and endurance exercises share potent anti-inflammatory function in adipose tissues in ameliorating diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice. Nutr Metab. 2010; 59 (7): 1-9.
32) Schjerve IE, Tyldum GA, Tjønna AE, Stølen T, Loennechen JP, Hansen HE, et al. Both aerobic endurance and strength training programmes improve cardiovascular health in obese adults. Clin Sci. 2008;115 (9): 283–93.
33) Helgerud J, Høydal K, Wang E, Karlsen T, Berg P, Bjerkaas M, et al. Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve VO2max more than moderate training. Med Sci Sport Exer. 2007; 39 (4): 665-71.
34) Trapp EG, Chisholm DJ, Freund J, Boutcher SH. The effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise training on fat loss and fasting insulin levels of young women. Int J Obesity. 2008; 32 (4): 684-91.
35) Warburton DE, McKenzie DC, Haykowsky MJ, Taylor A, Shoemaker P, Ignaszewski, AP, and Chan SY. Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training for the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2005; 95 (9): 1080-4.
36) Rognmo Ø, HetlandE, Helgerud J, Hoff J. and Slørdahl SA. High intensity aerobic interval exercise is superior to moderate intensity exercise for increasing aerobic capacity in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur J CardiovascPrevRehabil. 2004; 11 (3): 216-22.
37) Ibañez J, Izquierdo M, Argüelles I, Forga L, Larrión JL, García-Unciti M, et al. Twice-weekly progressive resistance training decreases abdominal fat and improves insulin sensitivity in older men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28 (3): 662-7.
38) Choi KM, Kim JH, Cho GJ, Baik SH, Park HS, and Kim SM. Effect of exercise training on plasma visfatin and eotaxin levels. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007; 157 (4): 437-42.
39) Nindl BC, Kraemer WJ, Arciero PJ, Samatallee N, Leone CD, Mayo MF, Hafeman, DL. Leptin concentrations experience a delayed reduction after resistance exercise in men. Med Sci Sport Exer. 2002; 34 (4): 608-13.
40) Sweeney ME, Hill JO, Heller PA, Baney R, and DiGirolamo M. Severevs. moderate energy restriction with and without exercise in the treatment of obesity: efficiency of weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993; 57 (2): 127-34.
41) Ross R, Rissanen J, Pedwell H, Clifford J, and Shrgge P. Influence of diet and exercise on skeletal muscle and visceral adipose tissue in men. J Appl Physiol. 1996; 81 (6): 2445-55.
42) Amati F, Dubé JJ, Shay Cand Goodpaster BH. Separate and combined effects of exercise training andweight loss on exercise efficiency and substrate oxidation. J Appl Physiol. 2008; 105 (3): 825–31.
43) Brooks N, Layne JE, Gordon PL, Roubenoff R, Nelson ME & Castaneda-Sceppa C. Strength training improves muscle quality and insulin sensitivity in Hispanic older adults with type 2 diabetes. Int. J. Med. Sci. 2007; 4(1): 19-27.