نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد بجنورد، گروه تربیت بدنی، بجنورد، ایران

2 استاد فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشگاه تهران‌

3 دانشیار فیزیولوژی ورزشی دانشگاه تهران‌

4 دانشیار فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشگاه تهران‌

5 استاد و مدیر‌گروه بخش ایمونولوژی، گروه پاتوبیولوژی دانشکدۀ بهداشت دانشگاه علوم‌‌پزشکی تهران

6 کارشناس ‌ارشد ایمونولوژی، کارشناس آزمایشگاه بخش ایمونولوژی، گروه پاتوبیولوژی دانشکدۀ بهداشت دانشگاه علوم‌پزشکی تهران‌

چکیده

در پژوهش حاضر، تأثیر یک جلسه تمرین هوازی ‌بر سطوح سرمی آدیپولین، فورین، فاکتور رشد تغییر‌دهندۀ بتا1 (TGF-β1)، فاکتور نکروز‌‌کنندۀ تومور آلفا (TNF-α) و شاخص مقاومت به انسولین (HOMA-IR) در زنان یائسه مورد‌‌بررسی قرار گرفت. بدین‌‌منظور، 18 زن چاق یائسه و غیر‌فعال (با شاخص تودۀ بدنی 2/7±30/2 کیلوگرم بر مترمربع و میانگین سنی 4±57/8 سال‌) به‌طور تصادفی به دو گروه تجربی و کنترل تقسیم شدند. گروه تجربی به‌مدت 30 دقیقه در یک جلسه دویدن روی تردمیل با شدت 70ـ60 درصد ضربان قلب بیشینه‌ شرکت نمود و سطوح سرمی آدیپولین، فورین، TGF-β1، TNF-α، انسولین و گلوکز ناشتای آن‌ها پس از پایان جلسۀ تمرین اندازه‌گیری شد‌. تجزیه‌و‌تحلیل داده­ها نیز با استفاده از آزمون تی زوجی، تی مستقل و آزمون هم‌بستگی پیرسون در سطح معناداری (P<0.05) انجام گرفت. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که اجرای یک جلسه تمرینات هوازی به‌ترتیب موجب کاهش و افزایش معنا­دار سطوح آدیپولین (P=0.049) و فورین (P=0.001) شده است، اما تغییر معنا­داری در سطوح TGF-β1، TNF-α، انسولین، گلوکز و HOMA-IR مشاهده نمی‌شود (P>0.05). قابل‌ذکر است که تنها تغییرات آدیپولین بین دو گروه تجربی و کنترل معنا­دار می‌باشد (P=0.046). علاوه‌براین، پس ازیک جلسه تمرین هوازی، بین تغییرات آدیپولین با تغییرات انسولین ارتباط منفی و معنا­داری مشاهده می‌شود (P=0.001). چنین به‌نظر می‌رسد که تغییرات نیم‌رخ التهابی و متابولیکی نمی‌تواند علت اصلی تغییرات آدیپولین در پاسخ به یک جلسهتمرین هوازی با شدتمتوسط در زنان چاق یائسه و کم‌تحرک باشد و انجام مطالعات بیشتر جهت درک سازوکار درگیر، ضروری می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

1. Després J P, Lemieux I. Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nature. 2006; 444(7121): 881-7.
2. Ouchi N, Parker J L, Lugus J J, Walsh K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011; 11(2): 85–97.
3. Ouchi N, Kihara S, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Walsh K. Obesity, adiponectin and vascular inflammatory disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2003; 14(6): 561-6.
4. Maeda N, Shimomura I, Kishida K, Nishizawa H, Matsuda M, Nagaretani H, et al. Diet-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking adiponectin/ ACRP30. Nat Med. 2002; 8(7): 731-7.
5. Wong G W, Wang J, Hug C, Tsao T S, Lodish H F. A family of Acrp30/ adiponectin structural and functional paralogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U‌S‌A. 2004; 101(28): 10302-7.
6. Enomoto T, Ohashi K, Shibata R, Higuchi A, Maruyama S, Izumiya Y, et al. Adipolin/ C1qdc2/ CTRP12 protein functions as an adipokine that improves glucose metabolism. J Biol Chem. 2011; 286(40): 34552–‌8.
7. Wei Z, Peterson J M, Lei X, Cebotaru L, Wolfgang M J, Baldeviano G C, et al. C1q/ TNF-related protein-12 (CTRP12), a novel adipokine that improves insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in mouse models of obesity and diabetes. J Biol Chem. 2012; 287(13): 10301–‌15.
8. Wei Z, Lei X, Seldin M M, Wong G W. Endopeptidase cleavage generates a functionally distinct isoform of C1q/ tumor necrosis factor-related protein-12 (CTRP12) with an altered oligomeric state and signaling specificity. J Biol Chem. 2012; 287(43): 35804-14.
9. Tan B K, Chen J, Adya R, Ramanjaneya M, Patel V, Randeva H S. Metformin increases the novel adipokine adipolin/ CTRP12: Role of the AMPK pathway. J Enocrinol. 2013; 219(2): 101-8.
10. Siezen R J, Leunissen J A M. The superfamily of subtilisin-like serine proteases. Protein Sci. 1997; 6(3): 501–‌23.
11. Thomas G. Furin at the cutting edge: From protein traffic to embryogenesis anddisease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2002; 3(10): 753-66.
12. Stawowy P, Fleck E. Proprotein convertases furin and PC5: Targeting atherosclerosis and restenosis at multiple levels. J Mol Med (Berl). 2005; 83(11): 865-75.
13. Schlöndorff B J, Blobel C P. Intracellular maturation and localization of the tumour necrosis factor alpha convertase (TACE). Biochem J. 2000; 374 Pt1: 131– ‌8.
14. Zettl A M, Taylor C N, Freeman M. Tumor necrosis factor signaling requires iRhom2 to promote trafficking and activation of TACE. Science. 2012; 335(6065): 225–‌8.
15. Enomoto T, Shibata R, Ohashi K, Kambara T, Kataoka Y, Uemura Y, et al. Regulation of adipolin/ CTRP12 cleavage by obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012; 428(1): 155-9.
16. Blanchette F, Dong R W, Laprise M H, Dubois C M. TGFb1 regulates gene expression of its own c‌onverting enzyme furin. J Clin Invest. 1997; 99(8): 1974–‌83.
17. Gordon K J, Blobe G C. Role of transforming growth factor-β superfamily signaling pathways in human disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2008; 1782(4): 197–228.
18. Skurk T, Birgel M, Lee Y M, Hauner H. Effect of troglitazone on tumor necrosis factor alpha and transforming growth factor beta expression and action in human adipocyte precursor cells in primary culture. Metabolism. 2006; 55(3): 309-16.
19. Derynck R, Jarrett J, Chen E, Eaton D, Bell J, Assoian R, et al. Human transforming growth factor-beta complementary DNA sequence and expression in normal and transformed cells. Nature. 1985; 316‌(6030): 701–5.
20. Wu S, Liang S, Yan Y, Wang Y, Li F, Deng Y, et al. A novel mutation of TGF beta1 in a Chinese family with Camurati-Engelmann disease. Bone. 2007; 40(6): 1630-4.
21. Dubois C M, Laprise M H, Blanchette F, Gentry L E, Leduc R. Processing of transforming growth factor beta 1 precursor by human furin convertase. J Biol Chem. 1995; 270(18): 10618–‌24.
22. Cigolini M, Tonoli M, Borgato L, Frigotto L, Manzato F, Zeminian S, et al. Expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human adipose tissue: A role for TNF-alpha? Atherosclerosis. 1999; 143(1): 81-90.
23. Goto D, Fujii S, Kaneko T, Furumoto T, Sugawara T, Tarikuz Zaman A K, et al. Intracellular signal transduction modulating expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in adipocytes. Biochem Pharmacol. 2003; 65(11): 1907-14.
24. Czarkowska Paczek B, Zendziani Piotrowska M, Bartlomiejczyk I, Przybylski J, Gorski J. Effect of acute and prolonged endurance training transforming growth factor- ß1 generation in rats skeletal and heart muscles. J Physiol Pharmocol. 2009; 60(Suppl 4): 157-‌62.
25. Khadivi Borujeny A, Marandi M, Haghjooy Javanmard Sh, Rajabi H, Khadivi Borujeny Z, Khorshidi Behzadi M. Effect of eight weeks of resistance training on some signaling factors affecting on the satellite cells in Wistar rats. Journal of Isfahan Medical School. 2012; 3(207): 1-12. (In Persian).
26. Petersen A M, Pedersen B K. The role of IL-6 in mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006; 57‌(Suppl 10): 43-51.
27. Kondo T, Kobayashi I, Murakami M. Effect of exercise on circulating adipokine levels in obese young women. Endocr J. 2006; 53(2): 189-95.
28. Heinemeier K M, Olesen J L, Haddad F, Langberg H, Jaer M K, Baldwin K M, et al. Expression of collagen and related growth factors in rat tendon and skeletal muscle in response to specific contraction types. J Physiol. 2007; 582(Pt 3): 1303–‌16.
29. Calderone A, Murphy R J L, Lavoie J, Colombo F, Béliveau L. TGF-β1 and prepro-ANP mRNAs are differentially regulated in exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. J App Physiol. 2001; 91(2): 771-‌6.
30. Arsenault B J, Côté M, Cartier A, Lemieux I, Després J P, Ross R, et al. Effect of exercise training on cardiometabolic risk markers among sedentary, but metabolically healthy overweight or obese post-menopausal women with elevated blood pressure. Atherosclerosis. 2009; 207(2): 530-3.
31. Polak J, Klimcakova E, Moro C, Viguerie N, Berlan M, Hejnova J, et al. Effect of aerobic training on plasma levels and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue gene expression of adiponectin, leptin, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in obese women. Metabolism. 2006; 55(10): 1375-81.
32. Chua S D, Messier S P, Legault C, Lenz M E, Thonar E J M A, Loeser R F. Effect of an exercise and dietary intervention on serum biomarkers in overweight and obese adults with osteoarthritis of the knee. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008; 16(9): 1047–‌53.
33. Dideriksen K, Sindby A K R, Krogsgaard M, Schjerling P, Holm L, Langberg H. Effect of acute exercise on patella tendon protein synthesis and gene expression. Springerplus 2013; 2(1): 109.
34. Onambélé-Pearson G L, Breen L, Stewart C E. Influence of exercise intensity in older persons with unchanged habitual nutritional intake: Skeletal muscle and endocrine adaptations. Age (Dordr). 2010; 32(2): 139-53.
35. Kanaley J A, Sames C, Swisher L, Swick A G, Ploutz-Snyder L L, Steppan C M, et al. Abdominal fat distribution in pre- and postmenopausal women: The impactof physical activity, age, and menopausal status. Metabolism. 2001; 50(8): 976-82.
36. Burr J F, Rowan C P, Jamnik V K, Riddell M C. The role of physical activity in type 2 diabetes prevention: Physiological and practical perspectives. Phys Sportsmed. 2010; 38(1): 72-82.
37. Kodama S, Mia S, Yamada N, Sone H. Exercise training for ameliorating cardiovascular r‌isk factors-focusing on exercise intensity and amount. Int J Sport Health Sci. 2006; 4(2): 325-‌38.
38. Hunter M. The women’s health questionnaire (WHQ): The development, standardization and application of a measure of mid-aged women's emotional and physical health. Qual Life Res. 2000; 9(Supp1): 733-‌8.
39. Baecke J A H, Burema J, Frijters J E R. A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982; 36(5): ‌         936-42.
40. Kannel W B, Sorlie P. Some health benefits of physical activity: The framingham study. Arch Intern Med. 1979; 139(8): ‌857–‌61.
41. Tanaka H, Monahan K D, Seals D R. Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 37(1): 153-6.
42. Jackson A S, Pollock M L. Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. Br J Nutr. 1978; 40(3): 497-504.
43. Siri W E. Body composition from fluid spaces and density: Analysis of methods. 1961. Nutrition. 1993; 9(5): 480-91; discussion 480, 492.
44. Lau D C, Douketis J D, Morrison K M, Hramiak I M, Sharma A M. 2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children (summary). CMAJ. 2007; 176(8): S1-13.
45. Nieman D C, Brock D W, Butterworth D, Utter A C, Nieman C C. Reducing diet and/ or exercise training decreases the lipid and lipoprotein risk factors of moderately obese women. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002; 21(4): 344-50.
46. Matthews D R, Hosker J P, Rudenski A S, Naylor B A, Treacher D F, Turner R C. Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985; 28‌(7): 412–9.
47. Yang Y, Jemiolo B, Trappe S. Proteolytic mRNA expression in response to acute resistance exercise in human single skeletal muscle fibers. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006; 101(5): 1442-50.
48. Louis E, Raue U, Yang Y, Jemiolo B, Trappe S. Time course of proteolytic, cytokine, and myostatin gene expression afteracute exercise in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007; 103(5): 1744-51.
49. Tidball J G. Inflammatory processes in muscle injury and repair. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005; 288(2): 345-53.
50. Pedersen B K, Bruunsgaard H, Ostrowski K, Krabbe K, Hansen H, Krzywkowski K, et al. Cytokines in aging and exercise. Int J Sports Med. 2000; 21)Suppl 1(:4-9.
51. Hamada K, Vannier E, Sacheck J M, Witsell A L, Roubenoff R. Senescence of human skeletal muscle impairs the local inflammatory cytokine response to acute eccentricexercise. FASEB J. 2005; 19(2): 264-6.
52. Heinemeier K M, Bjerrum S S, Schjerling P, Kjaer M. Expression of extracellular matrix components and related growth factors in human tendon and muscle after acute exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013; 23(3): 150-61.
53. Tan B K, Lewandowski K C, O'Hare J P, Randeva H S. Insulin regulates the novel adipokine adipolin/ CTRP12: In vivo and ex vivo effects. J Endocrinol. 2014; 221(1):   111-9.
54. Nardo L G, Rai R. Metformin therapy in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome: Endocrine, metabolic and reproductive effects. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2001; 15(5): 373–‌80.
55. Wojtaszewski J F, Nielsen J N, Richter E A. Invited review: Effect of acute exercise on insulin signaling and action in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002; 93(1): 384-92.